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| Name | Lifespan | Also Known As | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thales | c. 624-546 BC |  | |
| Anaximander | c. 610-546 BC | (Aniximander) | |
| Pythagoras | c. 580-500 BC | | |
| Siddhartha Gautama | c. 563-483 BC | (Buddha) | |
| Kong Qiu | c. 551-479 BC | (Confucius) | |
| Heraclitus of Ephesus | c. 535-475 BC | | |
| Parmenides of Elea | c. 510-440 BC | | |
| Anaxagoras | c. 500-428 BC | | |
| Empedocles | c. 490-430 BC | | |
| Zeno of Elea | c. 490-430 BC | | |
| Socrates | c. 470-399 BC | | |
| Democritus | c. 450-370 BC | | |
| Xenophon | c. 427-355 BC | | |
| Plato | c. 427-347 BC | | |
| Diogenes of Sinope | c. 412-323 BC | | |
| Aristotle | 384-322 BC | | |
| Pyrrho | c. 360-270 BC | | |
| Epicurus | 341-270 BC | | |
| Zeno of Citium | c. 333-264 BC | | |
| Euclid | c. 330-275 BC | | |
| Archimedes | c. 287-212 BC | | |
| Philo | 20 BC-40 | | |
| Seneca the Younger | 4 BC-65 | | |
| Marcus Aurelius | 121-180 | | |
| Nagarjuna | c. 150-250 | | |
| Plotinus | 205-270 | | |
| Augustine of Hippo | 354-430 | | |
| Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius | 480-524 | | |
| Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi | c. 780-850 | | |
| Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Kindi | 801-873 | (Alkindus) | |
| Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Razi | 865-925 | (Rhazes) | |
| Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi | 870-950 | (Farabi) | |
| Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina | 980-1037 | (Avicenna) | |
| Anselm | 1033-1109 | | |
| Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali | 1058-1111 | (Algazel) | |
| Peter Abelard | 1079-1142 | | |
| Abu'l-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd | 1126-1198 | (Averroes) | |
| Maimonides | 1135-1204 | | |
| Leonardo of Pisa | c. 1180-1250 | (Fibonacci) | |
| Francis of Assisi | 1182-1226 | (Francesco) | |
| Thomas Aquinas | 1221-1274 | (Tommaso) | |
| John Duns Scotus | 1266-1308 | | |
| William of Ockham | 1285-1347 | | |
| Desiderius Erasmus | 1466-1536 | | |
| Niccolò Machiavelli | 1469-1527 | (Nicholas) | |
| Sir Thomas More | 1478-1535 | | |
| Martin Luther | 1483-1546 | | |
| Jean Chauvin | 1509-1564 | (John) | |
| Sir Francis Bacon | 1561-1626 | | |
| Thomas Hobbes | 1588-1679 | | |
| René Descartes | 1596-1650 | | |
| Blaise Pascal | 1623-1662 | | |
| Christiaan Huygens | 1629-1695 | (Christian) | |
| Baruch Spinoza | 1632-1677 | | |
| John Locke | 1632-1704 | | |
| Gottfried Leibniz | 1646-1716 | | |
| George Berkeley | 1685-1753 | | |
| Hakuin Ekaku | 1686-1769 | | |
| François-Marie Arouet "Voltaire" | 1694-1778 | | |
| Leonhard Euler | 1707-1783 | | |
| David Hume | 1711-1776 | | |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | 1712-1778 | (John) | |
| Denis Diderot | 1713-1784 | | |
| Adam Smith | 1723-1790 | | |
| Immanuel Kant | 1724-1804 | | |
| Jeremy Bentham | 1748-1832 | | |
| Pierre Simon Laplace | 1749-1827 | (Peter) | |
| Johann Gottlieb Fichte | 1762-1814 | (John) | |
| Georg Hegel | 1770-1831 | (George) | |
| Carl Friedrich Gauss | 1777-1855 | | |
| Arthur Schopenhauer | 1788-1860 | | |
| Charles Babbage | 1791-1871 | | |
| Auguste Comte | 1798-1857 | | |
| John Stuart Mill | 1806-1873 | | |
| Søren Kierkegaard | 1813-1855 | | |
| Ada Lovelace | 1815-1852 | | |
| Henry David Thoreau | 1817-1862 | | |
| Karl Marx | 1818-1883 | | |
| Friedrich Engels | 1820-1895 | (Frederick) | |
| Charles Peirce | 1839-1914 | | |
| William James | 1842-1910 | | |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | 1844-1900 | (Frederick) | |
| Gottlob Frege | 1848-1925 | | |
| Henri Poincaré | 1854-1912 | (Henry) | |
| Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939 | | |
| Edmund Husserl | 1859-1938 | | |
| Henri Bergson | 1859-1941 | (Henry) | |
| John Dewey | 1859-1952 | | |
| Alfred North Whitehead | 1861-1947 | | |
| George Santayana | 1863-1952 | (Jorge) | |
| Bertrand Russell | 1872-1970 | | |
| George Edward Moore | 1873-1958 | | |
| Carl Jung | 1875-1961 | | |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein | 1889-1951 | | |
| Martin Heidegger | 1889-1976 | | |
| Sir Karl Popper | 1902-1994 | | |
| John von Neumann | 1903-1957 | (János) | |
| Joseph Campbell | 1904-1987 | | |
| B. F. Skinner | 1904-1990 | (Burrhus) | |
| Jean-Paul Sartre | 1905-1980 | (John) | |
| Kurt Gödel | 1906-1978 | | |
| Simone de Beauvoir | 1908-1986 | | |
| Willard Van Orman Quine | 1908-2000 | | |
| Alan Turing | 1912-1954 | | |
| Albert Camus | 1913-1960 | | |
| Noam Chomsky | 1928- | |
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