Charlie could be short for
Charity,
Charisse, or
Charmaine. It could also be a nickname for
Carol or
Caroline, since they are both used as feminine variants of
Charles.
I've known one person named
Charlene, a couple named
Carol, and quite a few named
Caroline, but none with the other names you or I listed. There is a Doctor Who companion named
Charlotte who goes by
Charley.
I think
Charlie and
Charley are both good spellings.
I've known one man called
Charlie; I presume it was short for
Charles, though I never asked.
I pronounce the ch in
Charlie like the ch in chess, but the ch in
Charlotte and
Charlene like the sh in shy.