History (Ecclesiastical) Submitted Names

These names are used primarily to refer to historical saints and other ecclesiastical figures. They are not commonly used by other people.
gender
usage
Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed.
Charytyna f Polish (Rare, Archaic), Ukrainian (Rare, Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Polish form of Charitina and Ukrainian variant transliteration of Харитина (see Kharitina).
Chionia f Late Greek, Greek (Rare), Italian (Archaic), Polish, History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant of Chione. This was the name of a virgin martyr and saint who lived during the reign of the Roman emperor Diocletian... [more]
Chir m History (Ecclesiastical)
Romanian form of Cyrus used to refer to the saint.
Chiril m Romanian, Moldovan, History (Ecclesiastical)
Romanian form of Kyrillos (see Cyril).
Chrischona f Medieval German (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Alemannic variant of Christiana recorded in medieval German-speaking Switzerland. This name was occasionally used in honor of Saint Chrischona, particularly in the Swiss city of Basel.... [more]
Chrodechilde f History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of the Germanic name Hrothildis (see Rothild). This was the original name of Saint Clotilde (for whom the names Rohilde or Rotilde would be more accurate).
Chrodegang m History (Ecclesiastical), Frankish
Form of Rotgang borne by an 8th-century Frankish saint.
Chrysanthus m Ancient Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Chrysanthos. Saints Chrysanthus and Daria (3rd century – c. 283) are saints of the Early Christian period. Their names appear in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, an early martyrs list, and a church was built in their honour over their reputed burial place in Rome.
Clerina f English (American, Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Saint Clerina of Carthage was a 3rd-century saint. She is said to have been the aunt of Saint Celerinus.
Clodoaldo m History (Ecclesiastical), Portuguese (Brazilian)
Italian, Portuguese and Spanish form of Clodoald.
Clodulfo m History (Ecclesiastical)
Portuguese and Spanish form of Chlodulf.
Cloud m French (Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from various Germanic names beginning with the element Chlodo-, particularly Chlodowald and Chlodulf.
Codratus m Late Greek (Latinized), Late Roman, History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Κοδράτος (Kodratos), which is the hellenized form of Quadratus.
Cointha f History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinization of Kointa, itself a Hellenized form of Quinta. Saint Cointha suffered martyrdom during the persecutions of Emperor Trajanus Decius. Cointha was martyred by having her feet tied to a horse then being dragged through the streets of Alexandria.
Collen m Medieval Welsh, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from Middle Welsh collen "hazel", ultimately from Old Welsh coll. Collen was a 7th-century monk who gave his name to Llangollen.
Columbano m History (Ecclesiastical)
Portuguese and Spanish form of Columbanus.
Comasia f Italian (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Comasia was bore by a II-IV century martyr and saint who would help during drought and dryness. A legend says that her name was unknown even in the past so she was named Santa (Saint) come sia meaning "be that as it may" in Italian and later became Comasia... [more]
Conon m Ancient Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Konon as well as the French and Romanian form. This name was borne by an Athenian general (4th century BC) and a pope (7th century AD)... [more]
Consortia f History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the Latin adjective consors meaning "having a common lot, of the same fortune" (genitive consortis). This name was borne by a 6th-century saint who is said to be venerated at Cluny, France.
Conval m History (Ecclesiastical)
Saint Conval (died c.630) was an Irish-born missionary who, when pondering his vocation, was carried by the stone he stood on across the Irish Sea to Inchinnan in Scotland. He was active in the Kingdom of Strathclyde in the area of East Renfrewshire, where there were “Conval wells” in Barrhead and Thornliebank.
Crescent m History (Ecclesiastical), Biblical Romanian, Biblical French, French (Rare), English (Rare)
French and Romanian form and English variant of Crescens. In the English-speaking world, it is now considered a nature name referring to the phase of the moon, derived from Old French creissant, ultimately from Latin crescere "come forth, spring up, grow, thrive".... [more]
Crispulus m History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the Latin adjective crispulus meaning "curled, having curled hair". Also see the related names Crispus and Crispinus.... [more]
Cristeta f Aragonese (Rare), Spanish (Rare), Spanish (Philippines, Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Possibly a diminutive of Cristiana, a derivative of Latin christiana meaning "Christian (woman)". This was the name of a Spanish saint (from Talavera, Toledo) who was martyred during the persecutions of the Roman emperor Diocletian in the early 4th century.
Cuby m History (Ecclesiastical)
Cornish form of Cybi. Saint Cuby was a 6th-century Cornish bishop, saint and, briefly, king, who worked largely in North Wales.
Cunibert m History (Ecclesiastical), German (Rare, Archaic)
English and French form and German variant of Kunibert.
Cyngar m Medieval Welsh, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of two 5th-century Welsh saints.
Dachuna f Old Celtic, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a medieval saint venerated in Cornwall, who was probably a Celtic Briton.
Dafrosa f Late Roman (?), History (Ecclesiastical)
Meaning uncertain. According to legend, Saint Dafrosa was the mother of Saint Bibiana.
Darerca f History (Ecclesiastical)
Saint Darerca of Ireland was a sister of Saint Patrick.
Dasius m Ancient Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Probably derived from δασύς (dasys) meaning "shaggy, hairy". There were several saints of this name, the most notable of whom are two martyrs, both persecuted under Diocletian: Dasius of Durostorum, a soldier, and Dasius of Nicomedia, a servant who was martyred together with Zoticus and Gaius.
Dativa f Late Roman, History (Ecclesiastical), Eastern African, Portuguese (Rare), Spanish (Rare), Filipino (Rare)
Feminine form of Dativus. This was the name of a 5th-century Christian martyr from North Africa. It is mostly used in Eastern Africa (mainly in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda).
Defendens m History (Ecclesiastical), Late Roman
Derived from Late Latin defendere meaning "to defend, to protect". The soldier-saint Defendens of Thebes (Italian: San Defendente di Tebe) was, according to Christian tradition, a member of the Theban Legion, and thus martyred at Agaunum... [more]
Demetrian m English (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
English form of Demetrianos. This is the name of several saints.
Derwa f Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
Likely derived from Cornish derow "oak trees" (ultimately from Proto-Celtic *daru "tree"). Saint Derwa is the patron saint of Menadarva (Merther Derwa in Cornish, translating to grave of St Derwa in English) in the parish of Camborne, Cornwall... [more]
Devasahayam m Malayalam, Tamil, Indian (Christian), History (Ecclesiastical)
Means "help of God" in Malayalam, composed of Sanskrit देव (deva) "god" and Malayalam സഹായം (sahayam) "help", a translation of Eleazar or Eliezer... [more]
Devota f History (Ecclesiastical), Ligurian
Saint Devota (died ca. 303 AD) is the patron saint of Corsica and Monaco. She is sometimes identified with another Corsican saint named Julia, who was described in Latin as Deo devota ("devoted to God")... [more]
Digain m Medieval Welsh, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 5th-century Welsh saint and prince.
Dioscoride m History (Ecclesiastical)
Italian and French form of Dioskorides via it's Latinized form Dioscorides.
Disciole f History (Ecclesiastical)
Meaning unknown. The 6th-century Frankish saint Disciole (or Disciola), a niece of Saint Salvius of Albi and a favourite companion of Queen Radegund, "was noted for her saintly death, which is described in detail by Gregory of Tours".
Divitien m History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Divitianus. Saint Divitien was a 4th-century bishop of Soissons.
Dominador m Spanish (Philippines), History (Ecclesiastical, Hispanicized)
Spanish form of Dominator, used mainly in the Philippines.
Dominator m Ancient Roman, Late Roman, History (Ecclesiastical)
From dominari "to rule, dominate, to govern," from dominus "lord, master," from domus "house".Used by a 5th century bishop in Brescia, Italy.
Dorotei m History (Ecclesiastical)
Romanian form of Dorotheus. This was the name of several early saints.
Drosis f History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant of Drusa via the form Drosa. According to Orthodox Christian ecclesiastical traditions St. Drosis was the daughter of the Emperor Trajan (98-117 AD)... [more]
Eadfrith m Anglo-Saxon, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from Old English ead "wealth, fortune" and friþ "peace". This was the name of two obscure medieval English saints.
Ebrulf m History (Ecclesiastical)
Ebrulf (517–596) was a Frankish saint, hermit, and abbot. A Merovingian courtier at the court of Childebert I, he was a cup-bearer to the king and an administrator of the royal palace.
Edeyrn m History (Ecclesiastical)
Saint Edeyrn (c. 6th century) was a pre-congregational saint of Wales, related to Vortigern and the royal house of Powys and the brother of Saint Aerdeyrn and Elldeyrn. Edeyrn is the patron saint of Lannédern in France and Llanedeyrn in Wales, where he founded a monastery of over 300 people.
Efrasinnia f Belarusian, History (Ecclesiastical)
Belarusian form of Euphrosyne. Saint Euphrosyne of Polotsk (1104–1167) was the granddaughter of a prince of Polotsk, Vseslav, and daughter of Prince Svyatoslav of Polotsk... [more]
Egipcíaca f History (Ecclesiastical, Hispanicized)
From Latin Aegyptiaca meaning "Egyptian woman" or "woman from Egypt". Saint Mary of Egypt (c. 344-c. 421), a patron saint of penitents, is known as Maria Aegyptiaca in Latin and María Egipcíaca in Spanish.
Égyptienne f French (Archaic), Malagasy (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from French Égyptienne, the feminine form of the noun Égyptien "Egyptian (person)". This name is generally given in honour of the catholic and orthodox saint Marie l'Égyptienne (known in English as Mary of Egypt).
Eiliwedd f History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 5th-century Welsh saint, also known as Eluned.
Elessa f Greek (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
The Holy Martyr Elessa of Kythira was a young woman from the Peloponnese who lived in the latter half of the fourth century. She was martyred by her father who objected to her becoming a Christian. St... [more]
Éleuthère m History (Ecclesiastical), French (Rare)
French form of Eleutherius. This name was borne by French-born American industrialist Éleuthère Irénée du Pont (1771-1834).
Elidius m History (Ecclesiastical)
This name is best known for being one of the names that the 8th-century Cornish hermit saint Lide (also known as Elid, Elida, Elide, Lyda and Lyde) was known by... [more]
Elpidephours m History (Ecclesiastical)
St. Elpidephours was a Persian Christian and ordained priest. He was arrested and slain for the faith during the reign of King Shapur II.
Elwen m Cornish, Welsh, History (Ecclesiastical)
Saint Elwen was an early saint venerated in Cornwall and Brittany. A chapel at Porthleven in Sithney parish, Cornwall, dedicated to Elwen, existed from the 13th century until 1549, and in Brittany several sites and placenames are associated with possibly related figures.
Emerentiana f Late Roman, Medieval Italian, Dutch, Flemish, German (Bessarabian), History (Ecclesiastical)
Feminine form of Emerentianus. Saint Emerentiana was a Roman martyr, who lived around the start of the 4th century. Her feast day is January 23.
Emeterius m Late Roman, History (Ecclesiastical)
This name is best known for being the name of a Roman legionary who was martyred with his fellow soldier Celedonius around 300 AD. They have since become saints, venerated in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church.... [more]
Émiland m French (Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant of Émilien. Saint Émiland de Nantes, also known as Émilien de Nantes (Émilien of Nantes in English), was a French religious leader who was canonized by the church as a martyr for dying in a fight against the Saracens in Burgundy in 725 AD.
Emmeram m German (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Germanic name, in which the second element is hramn meaning "raven". The first element is often said to be heim meaning "home" (which would thus make this name a relative of Heimeran), but it could also be amal meaning "work, labour" or ermen meaning "whole, universal"... [more]
Enedina f Basque, Medieval Basque, Basque Mythology, Spanish, Sardinian, Portuguese (Brazilian), History (Ecclesiastical)
Medieval Basque name, documented in Navarre. It has been speculated to be derived from Greek ἐνηδύνω (enedýno) meaning "to be courteous; to be obliging; to cheer, to gratify". This was the name of an early Christian saint from Sardinia, known as Henedina in Latin; she was martyred with Saints Justa and Justina... [more]
Enedoch m Medieval Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 6th-century Cornish saint.
Ennafa f Russian (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical, Russified)
Russian form of Ennatha. Ennafa Nikitina (1893-1975) was a Soviet botanist.
Ennatha f History (Ecclesiastical)
Possibly a Hellenized form of a name derived from Syriac anafat meaning "pride" or ennaf, annaf meaning "good, benefit". This was borne by a Christian saint from Gaza who was martyred in Caesarea, Palestine in 309 AD along with Saint Valentina... [more]
Ennecus m History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Eneko and variant of Enecus.
Ennemond m French (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Annemund. This name was borne by Ennemond Gaultier (c. 1575 – 17 December 1651), a French lutenist and composer. He was one of the masters of the 17th century French lute school.
Enoder m Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 5th-century Cornish saint.
Eoban m Medieval Dutch, History (Ecclesiastical)
Eoban (died 5 June 754 at Dokkum) was a companion of St. Boniface, and was martyred with him on his final mission. In Germany, he is revered as a bishop and martyr.
Ephigenia f History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant of Iphigenia. Saint Ephigenia of Ethiopia (also known as Iphigenia of Ethiopia; 1st century), is a folk saint whose life is told in the Golden Legend as a virgin converted to Christianity and then consecrated to God by St... [more]
Epictet m History (Ecclesiastical)
Romanian form of Epiktetos via its latinized form Epictetus. This is the name of one of the earliest saints of Romania.
Epiphania f History (Ecclesiastical), Ancient Greek (Latinized)
Latinized form of the Greek name Ἐπιφάνεια (Epiphaneia), a feminine form of Epiphanes. This name was borne by an 8th-century Italian saint from Pavia... [more]
Episteme f Late Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from Ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη "knowledge, understanding; skill". Saint Episteme was a 3rd-century Syrian Christian martyred under the reign of Decius.
Epistimi f Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Modern Greek form of Episteme as well as a Romanian variant of Epistimia used in the Orthodox Church... [more]
Érard m French (Belgian, Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Erhard as well as a short form of Évrard. A known bearer of this name was Érard de La Marck (1472-1538), a French-born Belgian prince-bishop of Liège.
Erbin m Medieval Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 5th-century Cornish saint and King of Dumnonia.
Érige m History (Ecclesiastical, Gallicized)
French form of Arigius. Saint Érige is venerated in the Southern French Alps, in Saint-Etienne de Tinée and in Auron nearby where a chapel to his name is located.
Erminold m History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the elements irmin "whole, great, universal" and walt "power, authority" meaning "universal power"... [more]
Erth m Medieval Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
Cornish form of Erc, referring to a 6th-century Irish saint.
Eteldreda f History (Ecclesiastical)
Catalan, Italian and Spanish form of Etheldred.
Eudon m Medieval French, Judeo-Anglo-Norman, History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant of Eudes (compare Odon). Saint Eudon of Le Puy was a monk and then abbot in the area of Le Puy, Aquitaine (in modern France).
Eufimia f Romanian, Ukrainian (Archaic), Medieval Italian, History (Ecclesiastical)
Variant transliteration of Ukrainian Євфимія (see Evfimiya) as well as the Romanian form of Euphemia and an early medieval Italian variant of Eufemia.
Eulabios m Late Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the Greek noun εὐλάβεια (eulabeia) meaning "discretion, caution" (see Eulabeia). Also compare the Greek adjective εὐλαβής (eulabes) meaning "taking hold well, holding fast, clinging" as well as "discreet, cautious, undertaking prudently".
Eulade m Medieval French, French (African), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Euladius. Eulade of Nevers was a Pre-congregational saint and first bishop of the Diocese of Nevers in France.
Eulaire f History (Ecclesiastical), French (Rare), Haitian Creole
This name serves as both a French form of Eularia and as a variant spelling of Aulaire, both of which are vernacular forms of Eulalia... [more]
Eulampia f Late Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Feminine form of Eulampios. This name was borne by the 4th-century martyr and saint Eulampia, who was put to death together with her brother Eulampius.
Eulampius m Late Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Eulampios. This name was borne by 4th-century martyr and saint Eulampius, who was put to death together with his sister Eulampia.
Eumenes m Ancient Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the Greek adjective εὐμενής (eumenes) meaning "well-disposed, gracious, kindly", itself derived from Greek εὖ (eu) "good, well" combined with Greek μένος (menos) "power, strength, spirit"... [more]
Euny m Medieval Cornish, History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of a 6th-century Cornish saint.
Euphrône m French (Archaic), French (Quebec, Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Euphronios via its latinized form Euphronius.
Euphronius m Ancient Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Euphronios. A known bearer of this name is saint Euphronius, who was bishop of Tours (in France) from 555 AD to 573 AD.
Euprepios m Late Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Means "well-looking, comely, seemly", derived from Greek εὖ (eu) "well, good" and the verb πρέπω (prepo) "to be clearly seen, to be conspicuously fitting"... [more]
Eupsychios m Ancient Greek, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from either the Greek noun εὐψυχία (eupsychia) meaning "good courage, high spirit" (see Eupsychia) or the Greek adjective εὔψυχος (eupsychos) meaning "of good courage, stout of heart" (see Eupsychos).... [more]
Eupsychius m Ancient Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Eupsychios. This name was notably borne by Eupsychius of Caesaria, a 4th-century Christian martyr and saint from Asia Minor. He is venerated in both the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Eustochia f Polish (Rare, ?), History (Ecclesiastical)
From a Greek word meaning "well-aimed", derived from εὖ (eu) "good" and στόχος (stochos) "an aim, shot". This was borne by Saint Eustochia Calafato, a 15th-century nun from Sicily.
Eustolia f Late Greek, Spanish (Mexican), History (Ecclesiastical)
Feminine form of Eustolios. This name was borne by a saint from the 7th century AD.
Eustorge m History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Eustorgios via Eustorgius.
Eustrate m History (Gallicized), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Eustratios via its latinized form Eustratius.
Eustratius m Late Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Eustratios. This name was borne by several saints.
Euthyme m History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Euthymios via Euthymius.
Evellius m History (Ecclesiastical)
Evellius (died 66 AD) was an early Christian martyr. He was a counselor to Nero, but was eventually martyred at Pisa after he converted to Christianity.
Evlampia f Greek, Russian (Archaic), Ukrainian (Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Modern Greek transliteration of Ευλαμπία (see Eulampia) and Russian and Ukrainian variant transliteration of Евлампия (see Evlampiya) as well as the Romanian form of this name.
Evlavi m Georgian (Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Georgian form of Eulabios via its modern Greek transcription Evlavios.... [more]
Evnon m Georgian (Archaic), History (Ecclesiastical)
Georgian form of Eunon via its modern Greek transcription Evnon. This was the name of a 7th-century Catholicos of Caucasian Iberia.
Filofteia f Romanian, History (Ecclesiastical)
Romanian form of Philothea. Saint Filofteia of Tarnovo is a child saint from the 13th century. She is considered the Protectress of Romania.
Filoména f Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, History (Ecclesiastical)
Czech, Slovak and Hungarian form of Philomena.
Fingar m History (Ecclesiastical)
The name of an obscure Irish saint. According to legend, Fingar and his sister Piala were children of an Irish king. They were converted by Saint Patrick, driven into exile by their father, and landed first in Brittany, where they were well received, before moving on to Cornwall where they died at the hand of Tewdrick, king of Dumnonia... [more]
Flavitus m History (Ecclesiastical)
Meaning uncertain, possibly related to Latin flāvī ("I have breathed). This was the name of a 6th century hermit saint from Lombardy.
Floribert m French (Rare), French (Belgian, Rare), Flemish (Rare), Dutch (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from Latin florens "prosperous, flourishing" combined with Old High German beraht "bright."
Floscel m History (Ecclesiastical)
French and Norman form of Floscellus.
Floscellus m History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from Latin floscellus, a diminutive of flosculus (which itself is a diminutive of flos "flower, blossom"), meaning "small flower". Saint Floscellus was a young man who was martyred in the persecutions of Marcus Aurelius... [more]
Fosca f Italian, History (Ecclesiastical)
Feminine form of Fosco. Raised in a pagan family, at age 15 Saint Fosca converted to Christianity and was baptized along with her nursemaid, Saint Maura 1... [more]
Foulques m French (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of Fulk. The name was borne by five counts of Anjou (898-1129), the last of whom abdicated to become king of Jerusalem (1131-1143); it was also the name of an 11th-century count of Angoulême.
Francon m History (Ecclesiastical)
French and Norman form of Franco.
Friðustan m Anglo-Saxon, History (Ecclesiastical)
Derived from the Old English elements friþ "peace" and stan "stone". This name was borne by the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester from 909 until his resignation in 931.
Frontasius m History (Ecclesiastical)
Meaning and origin uncertain. One source states that it is ultimately derived from the Latin noun frons meaning "forehead, brow" as well as "front", which would thus make the name etymologically related to the Latin names Fronto and Frontinus... [more]
Frutos m Spanish (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical, Hispanicized)
Spanish form of Fructus. It also coincides with the related Spanish word frutos meaning "fruits". Notable bearers of this name include Frutos Baeza (1861-1918), a Spanish poet and writer of the Murcian dialect, and Frutos Feo Pérez (1972-), a retired Spanish sprinter.
Fulcran m History (Ecclesiastical), French (Archaic)
French and English form of Folcram. Saint Fulcran (died 13 February 1006) was a French saint. He was bishop of Lodève.
Fursy m French (Belgian, Rare), Picard, History (Ecclesiastical)
French and Picard form of Fursey via Latinized Furseus.
Galaction m Late Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Galaktion as well as the Romanian form of this name. It was borne by a saint from the 3rd century AD, who was also known as Galation.
Galactorius m Late Greek (Latinized), History (Ecclesiastical)
Probably ultimately derived from Greek γάλακτος (galaktos) meaning "milk". This name was borne by Galactorius of Lescar, a French saint from the 6th century AD.
Gandulf m Germanic, History (Ecclesiastical)
From the elements gand "magic, charm, magic wand" and wulf "wolf". Used by a thirteenth century saint.
Gatien m French, French (Belgian), History (Ecclesiastical)
French form of the Latin name Gatianus, which is of unknown origin. Early on it has been conflated with Gratianus. This was the name of the first bishop of Tours (3rd century).