American (South) Submitted Names

ADAVIA f American (South, Rare)

ADREY f American (South, Rare), English (African, Rare)

ALAZIA f American (South, Rare), Louisiana Creole (Rare)

ALDONIA f American (South, Rare)
Either a truncated form of CALEDONIA or, more likely, an elaboration of ALDONA.

ALDONIE f American (South, Archaic)
Probably a variant of ALDONIA.

ALDORNIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Perhaps derived from the Old English aldor, a form of ealdor meaning "elder, parent, head of family, chief, lord; author, source; age, old age" with the name suffix -nia to feminize the name.... [more]

ALFRA f American (South, Archaic)

ALGENOUS m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

ALTHANE m American (South, Rare)

ALVINETTE f American (South, Rare)
Feminization of ALVIN.

ANNCLAIRE f American (South)
Combination of ANN and CLAIRE.

ANNER f American (South, Archaic)
Phonetic spelling of ANNA reflecting the Appalachian accent.

ARDELIA f American (South)
Possibly a variant of ARTELIA.

ARELIA f American (South), Literature

ARNA f & m Louisiana Creole, American (South), English
Diminutive of ARNAUD and ARNAUDE.

ARSULA f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of URSULA, reflecting the American South pronunciation.

ARTELIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
'A Southern U.S. invention which may have originated as an Appalachian pronunciation of ADELIA.'

ARZILLA f American (South, Rare)

ASOLA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of ISOLA.

AVRILL f American (South)
Variant of AVRIL.

AZAIRE m French (Cajun), American (South), French (Quebec, Rare, Archaic)
Extremely rare and archaic French form of AZARIAH.

BAZILE m Norman, African American, French (Cajun), American (South)
Norman cognate of Basil.

BEONA f American (South, Archaic)

BERLA f American (South, Archaic)

BERTHELINE f French (Archaic), French (Cajun, Archaic), French (African, Rare), American (South, Archaic), French (Quebec, Rare)
Elaboration of BERTHE.

BILLIEJO f American (South), English (Rare)
Combination of BILLIE and JO. Also, see its male counterpart: BILLYJOE.

BILLIEJOE m & f English (British, Modern, Rare), American (South, Rare)
Rare variant of BILLYJOE or BILLIEJO. It's a very rare masculine name with only four boys recorded with the name BILLIEJOE in the UK in 2005 according to popular-babynames.com... [more]

BILLIJO f American (South, Rare)
Variant of BILLIEJO.

BILLYJO f & m American (South, Rare), English (British, Rare)
Variant of BILLIEJO or BILLYJOE.

BILLYJOE m American (South)
Combination of BILLY and JOE. It's feminine counterpart is BILLIEJO.

BLANKENSHIP m & f American (South)
Transferred use of the surname Blakenship.

BLUFORD m American (South)
Variation of BUFORD, possibly transfer of the surname BLUFORD.

BOBART m American (South, Modern)

BOBBIJO f American (South), English (Rare)
Combination of BOBBI and JO. See also BOBBYJOE for its masculine counterpart.

BOBBYJO f & m American (South, Rare), English (British, Rare, ?)
Variant of either BOBBIJO or BOBBYJOE.

BOBBYJOE m American (South, Rare), English (British, Rare)
Combination of BOBBY and JOE. BOBBIJO is the feminine counterpart.

BRANFORD m Louisiana Creole, African American, American (South)

BROKE m & f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname Broke.

BROWNING m American (South)
Transferred use of the surname BROWNING.

BUCKNER m American (South)
Transferred use of the surname BUCKNER.

BUFORD m English, American (South), Louisiana Creole, Popular Culture
Transferred use of the surname BUFORD.

BURDO m American (South, Archaic)

BYRDA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Latinate form of BYRD and BYRDIE.

BYRDIE f American (South)
Variant of BIRDIE.

CANRAY m Louisiana Creole, American (South), African American

CANYE m & f Chinese, American (South)

CARETTA f American (South)
Elaboration of CARA.

CARITHEA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

CASILLA f American (South, Archaic)
Likely a variant of CASILDA.

CASILLE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Likely a variant of CASILLA.

CATHILINE f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of KATHLEEN.

CHARLESTINE f American (South, Rare)
Rare feminine form of CHARLES or CHARLESTON

CHARLINDA f American (South)
A variation on the name CHARLIE and LINDA. Origins unknown.

CHLORINE f American (South, Archaic)

CILEE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

CLARENCIA f Medieval Spanish, South African (Rare), American (South, Rare)
Variant of CLARENTIA.

CLASTER m American (South, Rare)
Of unknown origin and meaning.

CLASTERFAIR m American (South), African American
This name is found in generations of families. Clusters of the name can be found in Louisiana, in particular, but remains rare. It is said to be terminology to refer to royal members, similar to KING or DUKE would be used.

CLEADA f American (South, Rare)

CLOMA f American (South, Archaic)

CLORA f English (Rare), American (South)
Possibly a short form of CLORINDA or a variant of CLARA influenced by CORA.

CODJO m African, American (South)

COILL m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

CONDY m Irish (Rare), American (South, Archaic)

CORELIA f Medieval Italian, American (South)

COZETTA f American (South, Rare)
Latinate respelling of COSETTE.

CRICKET m & f Popular Culture, English, American (South)
Simply from the name of the small insect known for its nocturnal chirping. It occurs briefly in Shakespeare's play 'The Merry Wives of Windsor' (1597) belonging to a fairy that makes certain the hearths are well-kept.

CRITTA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

DALYN m & f American (South)
Variant of DYLAN.

DAMA f American (South), Filipino
Means "lady" in Spanish.

DAMITA f English (American, Rare), American (South), Louisiana Creole

DAQUE m French (Cajun, Anglicized), American (South)
Possibly an Anglicized spelling and subsequently transferred use of the surname Daqué.

DAVIDELLA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Extremely rare feminization of DAVID by way of combining it with the popular feminine name suffix -ella.

DEATHA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

DECA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

DECKER m American (South)
Transferred use of the surname DECKER.

DECOVIAN m American (South, Rare)

DELTHEA f English (Rare), American (South, Rare)
Possibly a variation of the name DELPHIA.

DELVENE f English (Australian, Rare), American (South, Rare)
Possibly an English alteration of DELPHINE.

DEOLIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Meaning unknown.

DERINDA f American (Rare), American (South)
Variant of DORINDA.

DETERVILLE m French (Cajun), American (South)
Transferred use of the surname Deterville.

D'JALMA m Louisiana Creole, American (South)

DO m & f French (Cajun), African American, American (South)

DONLEE m American (South)
Combination of DON and LEE.

DORALISE f French (Cajun), American (South), Louisiana Creole, French (Acadian)
Variant of DORALICE as well as an 18th- and 19th-century elaboration of DORA using the then-popular name suffix lise.

DORTHELIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Elaboration of DOROTHY.

DOX m & f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

DUELL m American (South)

DUKIE m English, American (South)
Diminutive of DUKE.

EDGANORA f American (Archaic), American (South, Archaic)

ELEMORE m French (Cajun), American (South)
Variant of ELMORE.

ELETTE f American (South, Rare)

ELSIANNA f American (South, Rare)

EMMER f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of EMMA reflecting the Appalachian accent.

EMMYLOU f American (South)
Combination of EMMY and LOU.

EPHELIA f American (South, Rare), Louisiana Creole (Rare)
Possibly a variant of OPHELIA.

ERLENE f American (South)
Variant of EARLENE.

EUNETTA f African American, American (South)

EZARA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

FALISHA f English (British, Modern, Rare), American (South, Archaic)
Variant of FELICIA.

FAVONIA f Late Roman, American (South, Archaic)
Feminine form of FAVONIUS.

FAZIAD f American (South)

FELONISE f French (Cajun), American (South), French (Acadian)
Variant of FÉLONISE.

FELONIZ f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of FÉLONISE, possibly influenced by Spanish feliz "happy".

FERBIE f American (South, Archaic)
Perhaps a variant of PHERABY.

FINE f German, French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Short form of JOSEFINE.

FINIS m American (South)
Means "end" in Latin. This was the middle name of Jefferson Davis (1808-1889), leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, who was the last of his parents' ten children. It was first used as a given name in his honour, in the American South.

FLORIDE f & m French (Rare), French (African), Italian (Rare), Walloon (Rare), American (South, Archaic)
French form of FLORIDUS (for men) and FLORIDA (for women), but the name is most often encountered on women.... [more]

FLORRA f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of FLORA.

FROISINE f French (Cajun), American (South), French (Archaic)
Truncated form of EUFROISINE.

GIRLIE f English, American (South), Filipino
Simply from the English word girlie, meaning "young girl".

GLINA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

GOGNON m & f French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Possibly derived from the surname Gognon.

GRAFTON m American (South)

GREENBERRY m American (South, Rare)
From the English surname Greenberry. Given originally in honor of Colonel NICHOLAS Greenberry. Sometimes split into two names (i.e. GREEN Berry)

GUNN m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

HARK m American (South)
Possibly a religious themed named from the word Hark, meaning "listen," a popular word used in the Bible.

HEBOR m American (South, Archaic)
Variant of Heber.

HESTERLY f & m American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname Hesterly.

HETIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

HEY m American (South, Archaic)

ICIA f American (South, Rare)
Variant of ICÍA.

IDONA f American (South)
Possibly related to IÐUNN or IDONEA

IMOJEAN f American (South)
Variant of IMOGENE used in the southern United States.

IRBY m American (South, Rare)

ISALIE f Louisiana Creole (Archaic), American (South, Archaic), French (Acadian), French (Rare)

IZARA f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of IZORA.

JANSU m American (South)
It is derived from Sanskrit word jans which means- to protect, liberate, . It was the name of a king. Jansu means desirous to protect , liberator

JERONE m American (South, Rare)

JEUELLE f American (South, Archaic)
Possibly intended as a feminine form of JEUEL.

JINCEY f American (South)
'Apparently a Southern U.S. invention or perhaps related to the German name "JENSINE". First appears in the 1770s. Was often a nickname for JANE, but was also used as a given name in its own right, especially in the 19th century... [more]

JOANETTA f American (South, Rare)
Diminutive or elaboration of Joan.

JUDSON m American (South)
Transferred used of the surname JUDSON.

JULEP f & m English (Rare), American (South)

KAALEE f American (South)

KASAIA f American (South)

KELDRIN m American (South, Rare)

LAITHEN m American (South, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname LAITHEN.

LAJUNTA f American (South, Rare)

LANCASTER m American (South)
Transferred use of the surname LANCASTER.

LAVEDA f American (South, Rare)

LAVIOLETTE f French (Cajun, Rare, Archaic), American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname LAVIOLETTE.

LAYLEE f American (South, Modern)
Rhyming variant of KAYLEE.

LEAHNIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

LEANIA f American (South, Rare), Portuguese (Brazilian, Rare)
Either a variant of LEONIA, influenced by LEAH, or an elaboration of LEANA.

LEATHA f American (South, Rare)
Allegedly a variant of LETHA, possibly influenced by LEA and the surname Leath.

LEIANNA f American (South)

LELLENE f American (South, Anglicized, Rare)
A shortened version MAGDALENE.

LEVISA f American (South)
Variant of LOVISA.

LÉZIN m French (Archaic), French (Cajun), American (South), Louisiana Creole, History
This name was/is usually given in honor of Saint Lézin, a 6th-century bishop of Angers, France.... [more]

LIKIE f American (South, Archaic)

LITHIA f American (South)
Variant of LETHIA.

LOUGENIA f American (South, Archaic)

LOUVENIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
American phonetic spelling of LAVINIA which developed in the South in the 19th century.... [more]

LOUVERTIE f American (South, Rare)
Presumably a combination of LOU and VERTIE.

LOUVETA f American (South, Rare)

LOVELACE m American (South, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname LOVELACE.

LOVINO m Italian (Rare, ?), Spanish, American (South)
Male version of LOVINA. It is also the human name of South Italy in the TV show Hetalia Axis Powers.

LUETISHIA f American (South, Rare)

LUREENE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of LURENE.

LURITA f Louisiana Creole, American (South)

LYCELIA f Louisiana Creole (Rare, Archaic), American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of LUCELIA.

MABLEAN f American (South, Rare)
Variant of MAYBELLINE.

MACON m & f American (South, Rare)
Transferred use of the surname MACON.

MADEA f American (South, Rare), Filipino (Rare), Popular Culture
In the case of the Tyler Perry character, the name was taken from a phrase (madea or madear) used in the American south meaning "mother dear". It may also be a variant spelling of MEDEA.

MAHULDA f American (South, Archaic)

MALEIAH f American (South, Rare)

MALONIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic), Russian (Rare, Archaic)

MALOREE f American (South, Rare)
Variant of MALLORY.

MANDRIN m French (Cajun), African American, American (South), Popular Culture
Possibly derived from the surname of Louis Mandrin, a French smuggler (highwayman) from Dauphiné.

MANETTE f American (South), Louisiana Creole, French (Cajun), French (African, Rare), Dutch (Rare)
Diminutive of MARIE.

MARDECIE f American (South)

MAYZELLE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a variant of MIZELA (see also MOZELLE), perhaps influenced by MAISIE.

MEANNA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

MEDISSA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

MEHALEY f American (South)
Alternative spelling of the name Mahaley

MELLETTE f American (South, Archaic)

MELVALIE f American (South)
Elaboration of MELVA with the popular suffix -lie.

MERRANDA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Variant of MIRANDA.

METTIE f American (South), English
A diminutive of METTA or a variant of MATTIE. Possibly a diminutive of MATILDA or MARTHA or MARGARET.

MILBRY f American (South)

MILLINEA f American (South, Rare)
Possibly an elaboration of MILLIE, used almost exclusively in Alabama.

MONTZERRAT f American (South, Rare)
Variant of MONTSERRAT.

MOSELLE f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of MOZELLE.

MOZELLA f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of MOZELLE.

MYRIA f American (South, Rare)
Allegedly an elaboration of MYRA.

NAEDEAN f American (South, Rare)
Variant of NADINE.

NAKAIA f American (South)
it means shining star!!

NARA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a variant of NORA. It might, however, also be a simplified spelling of NAARAH.

NAZARENE f American (South, Rare)

NELVA f American (South)

NOLIE f American (South, Rare), English (Canadian, Rare), Filipino (Rare)
Either a variant of NOLIA or a variant of NOELIE.

OLAPHINE f American (South)

OLETA f American (South, Rare), Popular Culture

OLLA f American (South, Archaic)

OMELIA f English (Rare), American (South, Rare, Archaic)

ONUFRE m French (Cajun), American (South)
Cajun variant of ONUPHRE.

OPALETTE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Elaborated form of OPAL.

OPALIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
From the name of an ancient Roman festival of the earth goddess OPIS or Ops, which was held annually on 25 August. It may also be used as an elaboration of OPAL or be considered a contracted form of OPALINA.

OPHEA f American (South, Rare)

ORETA f American (South, Rare)
Presumably a variant of ORETTA or, less likely, of ORIETA.

OSROE m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

OWNER m American (South, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname OWNER.

OXFORD m American (South, Archaic)
Transferred from the surname which is from the Middle English Oxenford, meaning "ox ford".

OZELLA f African American (Archaic), American (South, Archaic)
Feminine form of OZELL.

PARLINE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a variant of PERLINA via the form PERLINE.

PARNECIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

PARTHNEY f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a variant of PARTHENIA.

PASHAUN m & f American (South, Rare)

PATTYLOU f American (South)
Combination of PATTY and LOU.

PAVONAY f American (South, Rare)

PEACHY f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Likely from the American English slang meaning "fine; excellent".

PEARLA f American (South)
Variant of PERLA.

PECOLIA f American (South, Rare)

PEONIA f American (South, Archaic)

PERCENIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

PERDIDA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Respelling of PERDITA which might have arisen based on a dialectal pronunciation.

PERNELLA f Medieval English, American (South, Rare)
Elaboration of PERNEL.

PERNELLIA f American (South, Archaic), Scandinavian (Archaic)
Elaboration of PERNEL.

PERNIE f American (South)
This appears sporadically outside the U.S. Top 1000 and was found mainly in Southern States. My speculation is that it is an offshoot of CALPURNIA, but I cannot verify if this is the source of the name.

PHANTOM m American (South, Rare, Archaic)
From the English word "phantom" a synonym for "ghost", ultimately from Greek φάντασμα (phántasma) "phantom, ghost", "vision, dream", "fantasy".

PHERABY f American (South, Archaic)
"Apparently a Southern U.S. invention. First appears in the mid-1700s in Virginia and North Carolina. Could be a variation of PHOEBE, although it is also curiously similar to the Arabic name FARIBA."... [more]

PHERIBEE f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of PHERABY.

PHOENIE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

PLEAS m American (South)
Diminutive of PLEASANT.

PLUTINA f American (South, Archaic)
Probably an invented name, used primarily in the Southern United States in the 19th century. Plutina Cox is the heroine of Waldron Baily's novel 'The Heart of the Blue Ridge' (1915), set in Wilkes County, North Carolina.

POESY f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Originally a variant of POSY, this name was sometimes associated with poetry, from Old French poesie, ultimately from Greek poesis "composition, poetry," from poein "to make or compose"

POGNON m French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Possibly derived from the French surname Pognon.

POSSIE f American (South, Rare)
Variant of POSIE.

PRYUS m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

PUCKETT m American (South)
Transferred use of the surname PUCKETT.

QUILLIAN m American (South, Rare)

RAS m English, American (South)
Short form of RASMASS.

RASMASS m English, American (South)
Variant of ERASMUS.

RAUSSA f American (South)

REDEN m American (South, Rare, Archaic)

REDISSA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

RELLIE f American (South, Rare)

RENESSA f American (South, Rare), Dutch (Rare)

RHEUA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

ROLETHIA f American (South, Rare)

ROLLA m American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a phonetic spelling of ROLLO.

ROMILLA f American (South, Archaic)

ROSELIA f French (Cajun), Spanish (Latin American), American (South)

SACHEL m American (South, Rare)
Variant of SATCHEL.

SALETTA f American (South, Archaic)
Variant of SALETA. However, the earliest usage of Saletta seems to predate the French Marian apparition. In these cases a transferred use of the surnames Salette and Saletta is more likely.

SANDARA f American (South, Rare)

SAVOLIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

SEDILIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

SENOBIA f American (South)
Variant of ZENOBIA.

SERVILIE f French (Cajun), American (South)
French form of SERVILIA.

SETHORITA f American (South)
Mother of Nature & Goddess of Nature

SHAROLETTE f American (South, Rare)
Combination of SHAROL and the popular suffix -ette.

SHARROD m African American, American (South)
A variant of Sherrod, a surname derived from the French surname Cherot, meaning "wagoner". A famous namesake is basketball player Sharrod Ford.

SHELEISA f American (South)
Variant of CHELSEA.

SIBBLE f English (British, Archaic), American (South, Rare)
Variant of SYBIL.

SIDDALEE f Literature, American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Either a combination of SIDDA and LEE or a variant of SIDALIE.... [more]

SIPPIE f Popular Culture, American (South)
The stage name of blues singer Sippie Wallace, born Beulah Thomas. Sippie was a nickname she gained in childhood, as a gap between her two front teeth meant that she "sipped" on food and drink.

SOULOUGUE m French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Presumably a variant or misreading of the surname Soulouque.... [more]

STELLAR f & m American (South, Rare, Archaic), English
Phonetic spelling of Stella reflecting a dialectal pronunciation.

SYBEL f American (South)

TABITHIA f American (South, Rare)
Rare elaboration of TABITHA.

TAMOND m American (South, Rare)

TARRY f & m American (South, Modern, Rare)

T9C f & m American (South)
This very rare name is an exception to the rule that numerals are normally not allowed as part of the spelling of names in the United States. It's a creative rebus-like spelling of a slang intensive term for "tiny" found in the Southwestern United States... [more]

TEAH f American (South, Rare)

TEALA f American (South, Rare)

TEARSEY f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

TECORA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

TEDRA f American (South, Rare)
Maybe a shortened form of Catedra.

TELSIA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

TEREANNA f American (South, Rare, Archaic)

TEXANNA f American (South, Modern)
Possible feminization of TEXAS, using a combination of TEX and ANNA.

THALEN m American (South)

THEOOPHILE m French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Variant of Theophile.

THEOTIS m French (Cajun), Louisiana Creole, American (South)
Apparently created as a strictly masculine form of THÉOTISTE.

THOMASSIN f French (Cajun), African American, American (South)
Variation of TAMSIN or THOMASINE.

THOMY m Louisiana Creole, American (South)
Variant of TOMMY.

TIMIA f American (South, Rare)

TOLVIN m American (South, Archaic)
Transferred use of the surname.

TONUELO m & f American (South, Rare)

TOXEY m English (American, Rare), American (South)
Derived from either the surname of Toxey (which is of unknown origin) or from the town of Toxey in Alabama (whose name may possibly ultimately be of Choctaw origin).... [more]

TRISHELLE f American (South)
Variant of MICHELLE, influenced by TRISH.

TWANA m & f Arabic, American (South)

UELELEBELLE f American (South)

URSIN m Croatian, French, Russian, French (Cajun), American (South), German (Swiss)
Croatian, Swiss German, French and Russian form of URSINUS.

VALENA f American (South, Rare)
Either a contracted form of VALENTINA or an invented name coined from the syllable Val- and the once-popular name suffix -ene.

VAUDINE f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Possibly a feminization of the French surname Vaudin.

VAYLOR f American (South, Rare)
American. Only 5 people in the USA were born with the first name Vaylor since 1906. Meaning is “resourceful and kind”

VELVA f American (South)
Diminutive of VELVET but has been used as a name in its own right for decades.

VENEA f American (South)

VENNIE f American (South)
Not sure, it was given to 6 girls in Alabama in 1913, looks like a diminutive of a longer name that became independent, perhaps VENETIA or VENICIA.

VENSON m American (South)

VERLA f American (South, Rare)
Possibly feminine of VERL.

VERSA f American (South)
This name sporadically appears outside the U.S. top 1000 in the American South in the early 20th-century. It is most likely inspired by the Latin word "versus" (verse; line) probably used by Southern Baptists in reference to the verses of the Bible... [more]

VIANA f Medieval Catalan, American (South, Archaic)
Of unknown origin and meaning.

VICTOARY f American (South, Rare, Archaic)
Scots variant of VICTORIA.

VIRGIA f American (South)
This was given to 6 girls in Alabama in 1913, most likely an elaborate form of VIRGINIA.

VIRGINA f American (South)
Variant of VIRGINIA.