Browse Submitted Names

This is a list of submitted names in which an editor of the name is Beautiful Victory.
gender
usage
Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed.
Mbalienhle f Ndebele, Zulu
Means "beautiful flower" in Zulu and Ndebele, from mbali "flower, flowers" and enhle "something that is beautiful of nice".
Mea f Finnish (Modern), Swedish
Variant of Mia, likely influenced by Latin meus "mine" (feminine mea). It was first recorded in Sweden in 1858.
Meeuw m & f Dutch
Diminutive of Bartholomew or Bartholomeus.
Mejse f Danish
Danish word for tit, a type of bird of the bird family Paridae.
Mekal m Norwegian (Archaic)
Dialectal form of Mikal and a Norwegian form of Meinhard.
Meki m Georgian (Rare)
Short form of Melkisedek, which is now used as an independent name.
Melcher m Swedish (Rare), Romansh
Swedish variant of Melker as well as a Romansh variant of Melchior which is traditionally found in the Engadine valley.
Melwin m Swedish
Variant of Melvin.
Menkar m Astronomy
From Arabic منخر (manħar) "nostril" This is the name of a star in the constellation Cetus.
Mentz m Norwegian (Rare)
Diminutive of names beginning with the Germanic name element magan "mighty, strong".
Merituuli f Finnish
Combiantion of Meri 1 and Tuuli.
Merkur m Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, German, Norwegian, Albanian
Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, German and Norwegian form of Mercurius (see Mercury).
Metusalem m Dutch, Biblical Danish, Biblical Norwegian, Biblical Swedish
Danish, Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish form of Methuselah via its (variant) latinized form Methusalem.
Mi m & f English, Portuguese, Swedish
A diminutive of Maria. ... [more]
Miamaja f Danish
Combination of Mia and Maja. It may be partly inspired by the similar name Mia-Maria, which the Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren used for a character (sister of the central character, Lotta) in her books 'Barnen på Bråkmakargatan' (1958) and 'Lotta på Bråkmakargatan' (1961).
Miccheddu m Sardinian
Gallurese diminutive of Duminicu.
Mígui m Portuguese
Diminutive of Miguel.
Mijailo m Serbian
Variant of Mihailo.
Mikkal m Sami
Northern Sami form of Michael.
Mikkjel m Norwegian (Rare)
Dialectal variant of Mikkel.
Mikuru f Japanese, Popular Culture (Rare)
Mikuru has multiple kanji possibilities, but for the notable character Mikuru Asahina (in popular light novel, manga, and anime 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya') her name means "yet to come". There's also a gravure idol called Mikuru Natsuki.
Milas m Danish (Modern)
Meaning unknown. Possibly related to Mylasos, or the Slavic name element mil- (see Mila, Miloš, Miloslav).
Milda f Medieval English, Hungarian (Rare), Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Danish (Rare), Icelandic
Short form of names beginning with the element Mild-. In Scandinavia it may also be a variant of Milla.
Mildgerd f Swedish (Rare)
Combination of Swedish mild "mild" and Gerd 2 "enclosure".
Mildor m Norwegian (Archaic)
Either a masculine form of Milda or a combination of the Old Norse elements mildr "mild" and þórr "thunder".
Mildrun f Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements mildr "mild" and rún "secret lore". The name was first used in the early 20th century.
Milgerd f Swedish (Rare)
Variant form of Mildgerd.
Miliam m Swedish (Modern)
Short form of Maximiliam (compare Milian).
Mille m Judeo-Anglo-Norman
Judeo-Anglo-Norman form of Miles.
Mimer m Swedish (Rare)
Swedish form of Mímir.
Mimica f Slovene
Diminutive of Marija (via the diminutive Mimi), used as a given name in its own right.
Mímr m Old Norse
Variant of Mímir.
Minelle f Swedish (Modern)
Possibly an elaboration of Mina 1.
Mìnica f Sicilian
Short form of Dumìnica.
Minken f Norwegian (Rare)
Diminutive of Mina 1 (compare Anniken and Maiken).
Minou f Swedish (Modern)
Possibly a variant of Minoo or Milou.
Mio m Swedish (Modern), Literature
From the children's fantasy book 'Mio, min Mio' (1954) by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. Mio is the name of the main character, a young boy who finds out that he is a prince in an otherworldly land... [more]
Miramis f Swedish (Rare), Literature
Truncated form of Semiramis. This is the name of Mio's horse in the children's book 'Mio, min Mio' (1954) by Astrid Lindgren.
Mirena f Popular Culture
Meaning unknown. This is the name of the female lead character in the movie Dracula UNTOLD (October 2014), played by Sarah Gadon... [more]
Mirre f Swedish
Swedish diminutive of Mirjam.
Mirtel f Estonian (Modern)
Elaboration of Mirt, possibly influenced by Myrtle.
Mirva f Finnish
Possibly a variant of Mirjami.
Mishkat m & f Arabic (Rare), Bengali (Muslim), Indian (Muslim)
Means "niche (for a lamp)" in Arabic.
Mist f Norse Mythology, Icelandic
From Old Norse mistr meaning "cloud, mist".... [more]
Móa f Icelandic (Modern)
Icelandic variant of Móða and Moa.
Mōc m Vilamovian
Variant of Mōca.
Modgunn f Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian form of Móðgunnr.
Moltas m Swedish (Modern)
Swedish name of uncertain meaning. This was the nickname of Swedish entertainer Moltas Erikson (real name Jan Henning Erikson).
Moonblood m Obscure
Middle name of Sylvester Stallone and Sasha Czack's son, Sage Stallone.
Mor m Banat Swabian
Banatswabian borrowing of Mór 2.
Môre m Walloon
Walloon form of Maurus.
Morið f Faroese (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements móðr "mind, courage" and fríðr "beautiful".
Móðgunnr f Norse Mythology
Derived from Old Norse móðr "mind; wrath; courage" and gunnr "battle" (see also Móðguðr).
Móðguðr f Norse Mythology
Variant of Móðgunnr. In Norse mythology this is the name of the warden of the bridge Gjallarbrú ("bridge over Gjöll", the river closest to Helheim; "to travel the Gjallarbrú" was used by Sturla Thórdarson as a euphemism for "to die"), which must be crossed on the way to Helheim... [more]
Móðir f Old Norse
From Ancient Scandinavian móðir meaning "mother".
Movitz m Swedish (Modern, Rare), Popular Culture
Transferred use of the surname Movitz. Its modern usage is likely inspired by Fredrik Movitz, a character appearing in several songs in Swedish poet, songwriter and composer Carl Michael Bellman's well-known 18th century work Fredman's epistles.
Møyfrid f Norwegian
Combination of the Old Norse name elements mær "maiden, girl, daughter" and fríðr "beautiful".
Mucius m Ancient Roman
Ancient Roman gens name. The feminine form of this name is Mucia.
Muuna f Kven
Kven variant of Mona 2.
Mynta f Swedish (Modern, Rare)
Taken directly from the vocabulary word meaning "mint", therefore making it a cognate of Danish Mynte.
Myy f Finnish
A Finnish variant of My. A famous bearer is Pikku Myy (Lilla My in Swedish, Little My in English), a character in the Moomin series of books by Tove Jansson.
Nabby f Old Irish
An Old Irish nickname that derives from ​the Original Gaelic ​Gobnait, ​Gobnait being the Irish version of the Hebrew Deborah meaning "honey bee". ... [more]
Naddoðr m Old Norse
Derived from the Old Norse name elements naddr "stud, nail, small man" and oddr "point of a sword". Naddoðr was a Norwegian-born Faroese viking who discovered Iceland in the 9th century.
Naemi f Swedish, Finland Swedish, German, Norwegian (Rare), Danish (Rare)
A German and Nordic variant of Naomi 1. This name was used in the German translation of The Bible.
Næskonung m Old Swedish
Old Swedish from of Næskunungr used up until the late medieval period.
Næskunungr m Old Norse, Medieval Scandinavian
Originally a byname meaning "king over a small area", from Old Norse nės "ness, promontory, spit of land" and konungr "king". The name appears on at least one runestone (as niskunukʀ) and was later used sparingly (as Næskonung) up until the late middle ages.
Nanne f Danish (Rare), Norwegian (Rare), Swedish (Rare), Finnish (Rare)
Variant of Nanna 1. In the case of Swedish singer Nanne Grönvall (1962-), it is a nickname for her real name Marianne.
Nansi f Swedish (Rare), Danish (Rare)
Probably a variant of Nancy.
Nanssi f Swedish
Probably a variant of Nancy.
Nanssy f Swedish (Rare)
Probably a variant spelling of Nancy.
Nantje f & m East Frisian
Diminutive of Nan 1.
Nanzi f Swedish (Rare)
Probably a variant of Nancy.
Nanzie f Danish (Rare), Swedish (Rare)
Probably a variant of Nancy.
Nanzy f Swedish, Danish
Probably a variant spelling of Nancy.
Narfi m Icelandic (Rare), Norse Mythology
Derived from Proto-Norse *nǫrr "narrow", possibly as in "close minded, oppressive". Narfi is the name of two characters in Norse Mythology: a son of Loki and a jötunn (the father of Nótt).
Narve m Norwegian
Norwegian form of Narfi.
Näskonung m Swedish (Archaic)
Modern transcription of Old Swedish Næskonung (see Næskunungr).
Nebula f Astronomy, Popular Culture
Means "mist, fog, vapor" in Latin, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *nebh- "cloud". In astronomy, a nebula is an interstellar cloud of gas and dust where stars are formed. ... [more]
Neelix m Popular Culture
Neelix is a fictional character in the science fiction TV-series 'Star Trek: Voyager'. Neelix is also the stage name of a German DJ.
Nehemia m Hawaiian, Biblical Hawaiian, Afrikaans, Biblical Finnish
Hawaiian, Finnish and Afrikaans form of Nehemiah.
Nehemja m Biblical Swedish, Norwegian (Archaic)
Variant of Nehemiah used in the Swedish and Norwegian translation of the Bible.
Nelberg m Norwegian (Archaic)
Masculine form of Nelborg.
Nelborg f Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of Nelly and Norwegian borg "castle, fortification".
Nelius m English (American), Afrikaans, Norwegian (Rare)
Afrikaans and Norwegian short form of Cornelius.
Nelius m Norwegian (Rare)
Latinization of Nils.
Nellberg m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Perhaps a variant of Nelborg. It is mainly used in the county of Trøndelag in Norway.
Nelsina f Norwegian (Archaic), Danish (Archaic, Expatriate)
Likely a variant of Nielsine (also Nilsine) often used by 19th century immigrants to the US.
Nemi f Literature, Swedish (Modern), Norwegian (Rare), Finnish (Rare)
Nemi is the title character of the comic strip Nemi (1997), written and drawn by Norwegian cartoonist Lisa Myhre. Its origin and meaning are unknown, there have, however, been speculations that Myhre might have based the name on the name of the Italian town and lake which is ultimately derived from from Latin nemus Aricinum "grove of Ariccia".
Nere m Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian variant of Nerid. It is most prominent in Aust-Agder, Norway.
Neri m & f Norwegian (Rare), Swedish (Rare), Finnish (Rare)
Variant of Nerid. It is most prominent in Telemark, Norway.
Nerid m & f Norwegian (Rare)
A younger variant of Neriðr. The name is most prominent in Vestfold and Telemark, Norway.
Nettan f Swedish
Swedish diminutive of Annette and Jeanette.
Nette f Danish, Finnish (Modern, Rare), Norwegian (Modern, Rare)
Short form of names ending with -nette or -nete, like Antoinette, Anette and Agnete.
Nežica f Slovene
Diminutive of Neža, occasionally used as a given name in its own right.
Nica f Swedish (Rare)
Variant of Nika, which is a short form of names containing the Greek element νίκη (nike) meaning "victory", such as Nikola 2 and Veronika, as well as names ending in -nika (e.g. Monika, Annika).
Nica f Sardinian
Diminutive of Annica and Giuannica.
Nicetas m Ancient Greek (Latinized), Polish (Rare), History (Ecclesiastical)
Latinized form of Niketas. This is the name of several saints.
Nichiozo m Ligurian
Ligurian form of Nicholas.
Nicke m Swedish
Diminutive of Niklas and Nils (compare Nick).
Niclos m Picard
Picard form of Nicholas.
Nidolf m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements niðr "ancestor, kinsman, relative" and ulfr "wolf".
Nigola m Sardinian
Logudorese form of Nicholas.
Niilas m Sami, Estonian (Rare)
Sami variant of Nils.
Nilla f Italian (Rare), Swedish, Norwegian (Archaic), Hungarian
Truncated form of names ending in -nilla.... [more]
Nille m Swedish
Diminutive of Nils.
Nille f Norwegian, Danish, Theatre
Short form of Pernille. Nille is a character in Ludvig Holberg's play 'Jeppe på Bjerget' (1722).
Ninja f English
An elaboration of Nina 1 intended to reflect the pronunciation of Spanish niña "little girl".
Ninni f Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Danish (Rare)
Diminutive of many names, such as Ingrid and Kristina.
Niri m Norwegian (Rare), Swedish (Rare)
Norwegian variant of Neri. It is most prominent in Buskerud and Telemark, Norway.
Nisse m Frisian
Frisian short form of Dionysius.
Nisse m Swedish, Danish
Swedish and Danish diminutive of Nils.
Njál m Faroese
Faroese form of Njáll.
Noralf m Norwegian
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and alfr "elf". The name was created in the late 19th century.
Norbertu m Corsican, Sicilian
Corsican and Sicilian form of Norbert (compare Norberto).
Norbjørg f Norwegian (Rare)
Relatively modern name (1910) created by combining the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and bjǫrg "help, deliverance".
Norbjørn m Norwegian (Rare), Danish (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and bjǫrn "bear".
Nordahl m Norwegian (Rare)
Transferred use of the surname Nordahl.
Nore m Swedish, Norwegian (Rare)
Younger form of Nóri, an Old Norse name meaning either "north" (derived from norðr) or "small person" (derived from nóri). Swedish writer Esaias Tegnér used the name in a 1814 poem celebrating the union between Sweden and Norway... [more]
Norea f Swedish (Modern)
Elaborated form of Nora 1, perhaps influenced by Linnéa.
Norfinn m Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and finnr "Finn, Lapp".
Norgunn f Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and gunnr "battle, fight".
Nóri m Old Norse, Norse Mythology, Icelandic (Rare)
Variant of Nórr or derived from Old Norse nóri "small person". Nóri is the name of a dwarf mentioned in the Poetic Edda.
Norius m Norwegian (Archaic)
Quasi-Latinization of names containing the Old Norse name element norðr "north".
Nórka f Kashubian
Diminutive of Nóra.
Norleif m Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse elements norðr "north" and leifr "heir, descendant".
Normund m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic), Finnish (Rare)
A combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and mundr "protection".
Norna f Swedish (Rare), Literature
Used by Sir Walter Scott for a character in his novel 'The Pirate' (1821). Apparently he based it on Old Norse norn, the name for one of the fate goddesses of Norse mythology, which is related to the Swedish dialect verb norna "to warn, to communicate secretly" (and may ultimately be echoic in origin, i.e., imitative of low murmuring)... [more]
Nórr m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Derived from Old Norse norðr "north". In Norse mythology Nórr (also called Nór or Nori) was the son of Þorri, and the founder of Norway.
Norr m Norse Mythology, Old Norse
Variant of Nórr. In Norse mythology Norr is the husband of Hadda.
Norstein m Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and steinn "stone".
Norunn f Norwegian
Combination of the Old Norse name elements norðr "north" and unna "to love".
Norvald m Norwegian
Combination of Norwegian nord "north" and the Old Norse name element valdr "ruler".
Norveig f Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of Old Norse norðr "north" and veig "power, strength".
Nótt f Icelandic, Norse Mythology
Means "night" in Old Norse. Nótt was the personification of the night in Norse mythology. She was the daughter of Narfi and grandmother of Thor.
Nottung m Old Norwegian
Possibly means "descendant of Nótt" (a combination of the given name Nótt and Old Norse ungr "young" (compare Sveinung))... [more]
Novalie f Swedish (Modern)
Combination of Nova and the popular name suffix -lie (see also Novalee).
Novelia f Swedish (Modern, Rare)
Elaboration of Nova influenced by Lovelia as well as a variant of Novalie.
November f & m English (Rare)
From the Latin word novem, meaning "nine". November was the ninth month of the Roman calendar before January and February were added around 713 BC. It is now the eleventh month of the year.... [more]
Ntaiana f Greek
Greek form of Diana, reflecting the English pronunciation.
Nup m Norwegian (Archaic)
Younger form of Núpr.
Nuutti m Finnish
Finnish form of Knut.
Nyfrid f Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements nýr "new" and friðr "fair, beautiful". This name was coined in the late 19th century.
Obadja m Biblical Swedish, Biblical Afrikaans
Swedish and Afrikaans form of Obadiah.
Obi-Wan m Popular Culture
Obi-Wan Kenobi is a character in the 'Star Wars' universe, created by George Lucas. The meaning of the name is not known, but as Lucas was very much influenced by Japanese samurai movies, it is possible that the name is a combination of Japanese 帯 (obi) "belt" (used to tie a kimono) and wan that sounds like the Japanese honorific suffix san.
Octander m Norwegian (Archaic)
Combination of Latin oct- "eight" and Greek -ander "man" given to children born in October or to the eighth child of the family.
Odde m Old Swedish, Swedish (Rare), Norwegian (Archaic)
Short form of names starting with Old Norse oddr "point of a sword".
Odder m Old Swedish
Old Swedish form of Oddr.
Oddfrid f Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian form of Oddfríðr.
Oddgard m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Rare masculine form of Oddgerðr, used briefly in the 20th century.
Oddgunn f Norwegian (Rare)
Modern name created by combining the Old Norse elements oddr "point (of a weapon)" and gunnr "battle, fight".
Oddhild f Norwegian
Norwegian form of Oddhildur first used in the late 19th century.
Oddhildur f Icelandic (Rare)
Combination of Old Norse oddr "point of a weapon" and hildr "battle".
Oddkjell m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Norwegian modern form of Oddkell used in the early 20th century.
Oddlaug f Old Norse, Norwegian, Icelandic
Combination of Old Norse oddr "spur, point of a weapon" and laug possibly meaning "betrothed woman".
Oddleif m & f Norwegian
Modern form of Oddleifr, as well as the feminine form.
Oddleifr m Old Norse
Combination of Old Norse oddr "spur, point of a weapon" and leifr "descendant".
Oddly f Norwegian (Archaic)
Norwegian combination of oddr "point of a weapon" and -ly.
Oddmar m Norwegian, Faroese
Modern form of the Old Norse name Oddmárr, composed of oddr "point (of a weapon), spur" and mærr "famous, great".
Oddstein m Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian form of Oddsteinn.
Oddvald m Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements oddr "point of a weapon" and valdr "ruler". The name was coined in the late 19th century.
Oddvard m Norwegian (Rare)
Combination of the Old Norse name elements oddr "point of a weapon" and vǫrðr "guard".
Oddvin m Norwegian
Relatively modern name (from 1843) created by combining the Old Norse name elements oddr "point (of a weapon), spur" and vinr "friend".
Oddvor f Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian form of Oddvǫr.
Ödgon f Old Swedish
Regional variant of Ödgun.
Ödgun f Old Swedish
Old Swedish form of Eadgyð.
Odina f Various
Perhaps a feminine form of Odin.
Odny f Norwegian
Variant of Oddny.
Odrun f Norwegian
Variant of Oddrun.
Odyssey f English (American, Modern, Rare)
From the English word meaning "an adventurous voyage" and "a spiritual quest", derived from Greek Ὀδύσσεια (Odysseia), literally "of Odysseus"... [more]
Oella f American, English
It is the name of a small historic mill town in Maryland founded in 1808 that inspired generations of women's name in one family.
Œpir m Old Norse
From Old Norse œpa "to shout".
Ofbradh m Old Norse
Either from Old Norse ofbradh "too intense", "too hasty", or ofráð "too great a task, too high an aspiration".
Ófeigr m Old Norse
Variant transcription of ᚬᚠᛅᛁᚴ (see Úfeigr).
Ófeigur m Icelandic
Icelandic form of Úfeigr.
Ofradh m Old Swedish
Old Swedish form of Ofbradh.
Ǫgmundr m Old Norse
Old Norse variant of Agmundr.
Ögmundur m Icelandic
Icelandic form of Ǫgmundr.
Ogne m Norwegian (Rare)
Dialectal form of Hogne (see Hagen).
Oholah f Biblical Hebrew
Means "her own tent" in Hebrew. This is the name of a minor character in the Bible, a personification of Samaria's sin in the book of Ezekiel.
Ohto m Finnish
Variant of Otso.
Oihonna f Finnish (Rare)
Finnish form of Oithona. ... [more]
Oivi f Finnish (Rare), Estonian (Rare)
Finnish feminine form of Oiva.
Øivin m Norwegian
Variant of Øyvind.
Øivine f Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Norwegian feminine form of Øyvind.
Öjar m Swedish (Rare)
Swedish modern form of Øiar.
Öjvind m Swedish (Rare)
Swedish form of Øyvind.
Øjvind m Danish
Variant of Ejvind.
Ólafía f Icelandic
Feminine form of Ólafur.
Ólafr m Old Norse
Old Norse variant of Ólæifr.
Olander m Norwegian
Combination of Ole and Anders in the style of Alexander.
Olava f Norwegian, Swedish (Rare)
Feminine form of Olav.
Olavia f Swedish (Rare)
Elaborated form of Olava, if not an adoption of Icelandic Ólafía.
Olbjørn m Norwegian (Rare)
Norwegian form of Ǫlbjǫrn.
Oldus m Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Perhaps a quazi-latinization of Ole or a short form of names containing -old. The name was first used in the 19th century.
Òldżka f Kashubian
Diminutive of Òlga.
Olea f Mormon
In the Book of Abraham, it is said that this is the name of the moon in the pure language.
Oleanna f Norwegian (Rare), Swedish (Rare)
Feminine elaboration of Ole using Anna, as well as a variant of Olena (which is also derived from Ole).
Olen m Norwegian (Archaic), Sami
Masculine form of Olena, a name ultimately derived from Ole.
Olette f Norwegian (Rare)
Feminine form of Ole.
Olevine f Norwegian (Rare)
Feminine form of Ole.
Olexa m Ukrainian
Variant transcription of Oleksa.
Öllegård f Swedish (Rare)
Swedish form of the Old High German name Odalgart. It's possibly a combination of Ancient Germanic *ôþela "patrimony" and *gardaz "enclosure".
Ollivander m English (American, Modern, Rare), Popular Culture
Surname of Garrick Ollivander, a wizard and the owner of Ollivander's Wand Shop in the Harry Potter book series and movie franchise by J. K. Rowling. In the Harry Potter universe the name is said to be of Mediterranean origin and mean "he who owns the olive wand".
Olo f Norwegian (Archaic)
Dialectal form of Olov.
Olöf f Swedish (Archaic)
Archaic Swedish form of Ólǫf. Any modern usage in Sweden today is likely a transcription error of Icelandic Ólöf.
Oløv f Norwegian (Rare, Archaic)
Variant of Olov (see Ólǫf) or perhaps a variant of Olaug. This name fell out of use in the mid 20th century, possibly due to its similarity to the Norwegian masculine name Olav and Swedish Olov.
Olov f Norwegian (Rare)
Form of Ólǫf. This name is rarely used as a female name in modern Scandinavia.