Browse Submitted Names

This is a list of submitted names in which the gender is masculine; and the pattern is *i.
gender
usage
pattern
Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed.
Atali f & m English
Unisex version of "Atalia".
Atamai m & f Samoan
Means "smart, intelligent" in Samoan.
Atanai m Provençal
Provençal form of Athanasius.
Atanasi m Catalan (Rare), Provençal
Catalan and Provençal form of Athanasius.
Atapachtli m Nahuatl
Means "water shell", from atl "water" and tapachtli "sea shell, coral".
Atapi m Indian
Means "zealous".
Atarrabi m Basque Mythology
The good son of Mari 3, student of Etsai.
Atená:ti m Mohawk
Means "elk" in Mohawk.
Athachai m Thai
Alternate transcription of Thai อรรถชัย (see Atthachai).
Athibodi m Thai (Rare)
Means "overlord, superior, chief official" in Thai.
Athiti m Thai
Means "education" in Thai.
Athumani m Swahili
Means "third one" in Swahili.
Áti m Old Norse
From Old Norse át meaning "food".
Atili m Catalan
Catalan form of Atilius.
Atiniui m Chuukese
Means "man of the sea" in Chuukese.
Atipiri m Aymara
Means "winner, victor" in Aymara.
Atoni m Maori
Maori form of Anthony.
Atri m & f Finnish (Rare)
A Finnish short form of Adrian.
Atsi m Afizere
Means "priest" in Afizere.
Atsuaki m Japanese
From Japanese 篤 (atsu) meaning "honest" combined with 晃 (aki) meaning "clear". Other kanji combinations are possible.
Atsuichi m Japanese
From Japanese 渥 (atsu) meaning "moist" combined with 一 (ichi) meaning "one". Other kanji combinations are possible.
Atsuji m Japanese
From Japanese 淳 (atsu) meaning "pure" combined with 二 (ji) meaning "two". Other kanji combinations are possible. ... [more]
Atsuki m Japanese
From Japanese 渥 (atsu) meaning "moist" combined with 幹 (ki) meaning "tree". Other kanji combinations are possible.
Atsunori m Japanese
From Japanese 渥 (atsu) meaning "moist" combined with 訓 (nori) meaning "teach, instruct". Other kanji combinations are also possible. ... [more]
Atsuyoshi m Japanese
Atsu can mean "warm", "deep, sincere, true" or "honest", and yoshi can mean "fragrant", "good luck, fortune" or "righteous, virtuous, respectable".
Attachai m Thai
Alternate transcription of Atthachai.
Attai m Biblical
The name comes from the verb ענה ('ana), which can mean one of four things: "to answer", "to be occupied with", "to afflict", or "to sing".... [more]
Atthachai m Thai
From Thai อรรถ (at) meaning "essence" and ชัย (chai) meaning "victory".
Audi f & m English (Modern, Rare)
From the name of the German car manufacturer (compare Ferrari and Porsche). Can also be considered a variant of Audie.... [more]
Augusti m Finnish
Variant of Aukusti.
ʻAukai m Hawaiian (Rare)
Means "seafarer" in Hawaiian, derived from the elements ʻau "travel" and kai "sea".
Auksentsi m Belarusian
Belarusian form of Auxentios.
Aulàri m Provençal
Provençal masculine form of Eulalie.
Auni m Old Norse
Meaning unknown. Perhaps related to Aunn (see Auðin).
Aurèli m Gascon
Gascon form of Aurelius.
Aureli m Catalan, Provençal
Catalan and Provençal form of Aurelius.
Auri f & m Finnish (Rare), Estonian (Rare)
Finnish diminutive of Aura, occasionally also used in Estonia.
Ausi'i m Akkadian
Akkadian form of Hosea.
Ausoni m Lengadocian (Archaic)
Languedocian form of Ausòne.
Austri m Norse Mythology, Icelandic (Rare)
From Old Norse austr meaning "east". In Norse mythology this is the name of a dwarf who upholds the sky, made of the jötunn Ymir's skull, in the east... [more]
Authari m Lombardic
Possibly formed from elements which correspond to the Old High German words ot "wealth, riches" and heri "host, army"... [more]
Auðgi m Old Norse
From Old Norse auðigr meaning "rich".
Auði m Old Norse
Means "happiness, luck, prosperity, destiny" in Old Norse, used as a short form of names starting with this element.
Auti m Medieval English
Old Danish form of Autir.
Auxili m Catalan
Catalan form of Auxilius.
Avdei m Russian
Russian cognate to Obadiah.
Avel·lí m Catalan
Transferred use of the surname Avel-lí, Catalan form of Avellino, the surname of the 17th-century Italian saint Andrew Avellino.
Avhatendi m & f Venda
Means "they do not believe" in Tshivenda.
Avichai m Hebrew
Variant of Avishai.
Avichai m Hebrew
Combination of the names Avi and Hai means "my father is alive" in Hebrew. This name is not related to Avishai, a Hebrew name with different meaning of "my father is a gift".
Avihai m Hebrew
Combination of the names Avi and Hai means "my father is alive" in Hebrew.
Avri m & f Hebrew, American (Rare)
Diminutive of Avraham.... [more]
Avtandili m Georgian
Form of Avtandil with the nominative suffix, used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.
Äxmätzäki m Tatar, Bashkir
Combination of Äxmät and Zäki.
Ayaki f & m Japanese
From Japanese 彩 (aya) meaning "color" combined with 希 (ki) meaning "hope". Other kanji combinations are possible.
Ayamani f & m Spanish (Mexican)
From ayamanilatl meaning "tepid water" or "lukewarm water"
Ayanami f & m Japanese
Ayanami, meaning "twilled waves" in Japanese... [more]
Ayani m Kongo
"helpers, protectors, those who support, support or protect" comes from the verb kuyana
Ayanti m & f Efik
Means "will you remember me?" in Efik.
Ayashi f & m Japanese
soothing
Ayibaemi f & m Ijaw
Means "God exists" in Ijaw.
Ayobami m & f Yoruba
Means "joy has met me" in Yoruba.
Ayodeji m Yoruba
Means "joy has become two" in Yoruba.
Aythami m & f Spanish (Canarian)
Guanche name allegedly meaning "the most powerful man".... [more]
Aytqalï m Kazakh
From the Arabic عِيد‎ (ʿīd) meaning "feast, holiday, festival" and عَلِيّ‎ (ʿaliyy) meaning "high, exalted".
Ayúi m Aguaruna
Means "axe handle" in Awajún.
Azahari m Malay
Variant of Azhari.
Azai m Hebrew
Means "strength" in Hebrew.
Azami m Arabic, Malay
Means "my determination, my resolution" in Arabic, derived from عزام (azzam) meaning "determination, resolution".
Azari m Hebrew
Variant of Azariah.
Azazi m Ge'ez
Means "one who commands" in Ge'ez.
Azbai m Biblical
Variant transcription of Ezbai.... [more]
Azhari m Arabic, Indonesian, Malay
Derived from Arabic أزهر ('azhar) meaning "shining, bright".
Azizi f & m African American (Rare), Swahili
Means "treasure, rarity, something valuable; lover" in Swahili, derived from Arabic عَزِيز‎ (ʕazīz); compare Aziz. A known (female) bearer is American model Azizi Johari (1948-), in whose case it is a pseudonym.
Azli m Malay
Derived from Malay asli meaning "original", ultimately from Arabic أصلي (asliyy).
Azmi m Arabic, Malay, Indonesian, Turkish
Derived from Arabic عزم ('azm) meaning "resolution, resolve, determination".
Azobai m Biblical Greek
Greek form of Ezbai, as it first appeared in the Septuagint.
Azraqi m Indonesian
From Abul-Mahāsin Abu Bakr Zaynuddin Azraqi, an 11th-century poet who lived in Iran.
Aztatzontli m Nahuatl
A kind of ornament made of feathers, usually a headdress, from Nahuatl aztatl "snowy egret" and tzontli "hair, crest, head; crown, headdress".
Azwianewi m & f Venda
Means "something that cannot be told" in Tshivenda.
Azwihangwisi m & f Venda
Means "unforgettable" in Tshivenda.
Baaduri m Georgian (Rare)
Form of Baadur with the nominative suffix, used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.
Baavgai m Mongolian
Means "bear" in Mongolian.
Babi m & f Indian
Babookaji m Newar (Rare)
Variant transcription of Devanagari बाबुकाजी (see Babukaji).
Babukaji m Newar
From Newar बाबु (bābu) meaning "small kid" and काजी (kājī) meaning "leader".
Babusi m Tswana
Means "leaders" in Setswana.
Bachi m Georgian
Diminutive of Bacha and Bachana.
Bachuki m Georgian
Diminutive of Bacha and Bachana.
Badi m Arabic
Means "a wonderful man" in Arabic.
Badrangui m & f Mongolian
Means "inspirational, flourishing" in Mongolian.
Badri m Arabic, Indonesian, Malay
Means "my full moon" in Arabic, derived from بدر (badr) meaning "full moon".
Bagabandi m Mongolian
From Mongolian бага (baga) meaning "small, young" and банди (bandi) meaning "disciple (of a lama), novice, son".
Bagrati m Georgian
Form of Bagrat with the nominative suffix, used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.
Bahari f & m Swahili
Means "sea" or "ocean" in Swahili.
Bahri m Arabic, Turkish, Indonesian, Albanian
Means "maritime, nautical, marine" in Arabic, a derivative of بحر (bahr) meaning "sea".
Baihaqi m Indonesian
From the name of 11th-century Islamic scholar Al-Bayhaqi. His name was derived from his birthplace, the city of Bayhaq (now Sabzevar) in present-day Iran.
Baitshephi m & f Tswana
Means "the just" or "the saints" in Setswana.
Bajikijayi m & f Central African, Luba-Kasai
Means "finish" or "destroy them" in Luba-Kasai.
Bajuri m Indonesian
From the name of 19th-century Egyptian scholar and teacher Ibrahim al-Bajuri (1784-1860). His name is derived from his birthplace, the city of El Bagour in Egypt.
Bakri m Arabic, Malay, Indonesian
Means "first, eldest, firstborn" in Arabic.
Balaji m Indian, Tamil, Telugu
Derived from Sanskrit बल (bála) meaning "power, strength, might". This is an epithet of Venkateswara, one of the forms of the Hindu deity Vishnu.
Balbi f & m Spanish, Asturian
Short form of Balbina and Balbino.
Baldassari m Sardinian
Sassarese and Gallurese form of Balthazar.
Bali m & f Punjabi, Indian
Transferred use of the surname Bali.
Balki m Medieval English, Old Norse, Old Norwegian
From Old Norse balkr meaning "beam, rafter, ridge of land."
Balli m Old Norse, Old Danish
Either from Old Norse ballr "dangerous, risky, bold, brave" or bollr "ball".
Balloi m Sardinian
Short form of Salvadori.
Balori m Sardinian
Short form of Salvadori.
Balti m Spanish
Short form of Baltasar.
Bani m Filipino
Contraction of Bayani.
Banjhākri m & f Nepali
From Ban, meaning “forest”, and Jhākri, meaning “healer”.
Bannoudi m Coptic (Arabized), Arabic
Arabized form of the Bohairic Coptic name Pennouti.
Banri m & f Japanese
From 万里 (banri) meaning "thousands of miles​," the second kanji referring to a unit of distance called ri.... [more]
Bansi m Hindi
Means "flute" in Hindi.
Bantini m Sardinian
Sassarese short form of Constantine.
Bapaki m Tswana
Means "those who give testimony" in Setswana.
Baraki m Amharic
Means "one who blesses" in Amharic.
Bari m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Derived from barr "harsh". Related to Swedish bare "magical being". In Norse mythology this is the name of a dwarf.
Bari m Shipibo-Conibo
Means "sun" in Shipibo.
Barnabi m Hebrew
Hebrew form of Barnabas.
Barni m Medieval English, Old Danish
Derived from Old Norse barn "child".
Barori m Sardinian
Short form of Salvadori.
Barri m Welsh
Means "summit" in Welsh.
Barsali m Romani (Caló)
Caló form of John.
Barsanufi m Catalan
Catalan form of Barsanuphius.
Bartalamei m Belarusian
Belarusian form of Bartholomew.
Barði m Old Norse, Icelandic
From Old Norse barð meaning "beard, brim, verge, beak of a ship".
Baruti m Tswana
Means "teacher" in Tswana.
Barysbi m Ossetian
Ossetian form of Boris.
Barzai m Literature
Barzai the Wise is a character in the short story "The Other Gods" by H.P. Lovecraft.
Baseli m Romansh
Romansh form of Basil 1, traditionally found in the Surselva region.
Basi m Berber
Meaning unknown.
Basili m Georgian (Rare)
Older Georgian form of Basileios (see Basil 1). This name is barely in use nowadays. Its shorter form Basil is considered more modern and is thus more in use, but even that name is rare in Georgia... [more]
Basili m Lengadocian, Provençal, Gascon, Sardinian
Occitan and Campidanese Sardinian form of Basil 1.
Basireletsi m Tswana
Means "our protector" in Setswana.
Basoeki m Javanese
Older spelling of Basuki influenced by Dutch orthography.
Basri m Arabic, Indonesian, Malay, Turkish
Means "my vision" from Arabic بصر (basar) meaning "vision, sight". It is often given in honour of Muslim theologian and writer Hasan al-Basri.
Basti m German
Diminutive of Sebastian, not commonly used as a given name in its own right.
Basuki m Javanese
Means "healthy, flourishing" in Javanese.
Batanai m Shona
Means "be united" in Shona.
Baði m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Diminutive of names containing the element bǫð meaning "battle". In Norse mythology this is the name of a Jotunn.
Bathusi m & f Tswana
Means "helpers" in Setswana.
Bati m Turkish
Means "the west" in Turkish.
Batifeori m Yoruba (Rare)
Means "how we want it to be" in Yoruba.
Batirai m Shona
Means “you must persevere” in Shona.
Baudi m Chechen
Chechen form of Dawud (see David).
Baugi m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Variant of Baugr. This was the name of a jotunn in Norse mythology.
Baui m Icelandic (Modern, Rare)
Icelandic younger form of Baugi.
Bausèli m Lengadocian (Rare)
Languedocian form of Baudilio.
Bawi m & f Burmese
LORD or Upper Class
Bayandalai m & f Mongolian
Derived from Mongolian баян (bayan) meaning "rich, wealthy" and далай (dalai) meaning "ocean, sea".
Bayardalai m & f Mongolian
From the Mongolian баяр (bayar) meaning "celebration, joy" and далай (dalai) meaning "sea".
Baylei f & m English (Rare)
Variant of Bailey.
Bayli f & m English (Rare)
Variant of Bailey.
Bbujji m & f Yi
Means "west" in Yi.
Beaivi m Sami
Means "day, sun" in Sami. Its Finnish cognate is Päivä.
Béci m Hungarian
Diminutive form of Béla.
Beemoni m Dagbani
Founder of Gushegu and Karaga. Name of one of the sons of Naa Gbewaa.
Beeri m & f Hebrew, Biblical Hebrew, Biblical
Hebrew name deriving from בְּאֵר be'er "well", "fountain" with suffix, meaning "my well".... [more]
Begi m Georgian
Derived from the Georgian noun ბეგი (begi) meaning "bey", which is ultimately derived from the Turkish military title beg meaning "chieftain, master".... [more]
Begli m Turkmen
Means "of the beg", from the Turkic military title beg meaning "chieftain, master".
Bei m & f Chinese
Comet
Beiti m Old Norse
From Old Norse beita meaning "to pasture cattle", "to use a weapon", "to harness to a vehicle", "to steer or sail near the wind, to cruise".
Beleuzi f & m Ijaw
Means "first born" in Ijaw.
Beli m Norse Mythology, Old Norse
Derived from Old Norse belja meaning "to roar". This is the name of a jotunn in Norse mythology.
Bēl-ṣarbi m Near Eastern Mythology, Akkadian
Means "lord of the poplar", deriving from the Akkadian elements bēlu ("boss, chief, master, lord") and ṣarbat (deriving from a place name, that presumably later became associated with groves of trees... [more]
Benami m Judeo-Anglo-Norman
Variant of Bonami. This name was also used as a secular form of Benjamin.
Benammi m Hebrew, Biblical
Means "son of my people" in Hebrew. This is the name of several people in the Bible.
Bengi m & f Turkish (Modern)
Means "eternal,everlasting", derived from the Old Turkic beñgü or meñgü with the exact same meaning.
Béni m Hungarian
Diminutive of Benjámin or Benedek.
Beni m Hebrew
Short form of Benyamin.
Benimi m Hebrew
Israel boy's name meaning "Our sons"
Beniyoshi m Japanese
From Japanese 紅 (beni) meaning "crimson" combined with 吉 (yoshi) meaning "good luck". Other kanji combinations are possible.
Benjamí m Catalan
Catalan form of Benjamin.
Benjamini m Greenlandic
Greenlandic form of Benjamin.
Benkei m Japanese
From the Japanese kanji 弁 (ben) meaning “valve” and 慶 (kei) meaning “be delighted”.... [more]
Benni m & f Various
Variant or Benny/Bennie sometimes used as a feminine name.
Bénoni m Norman
Norman form of Benoni.
Benòni m Provençal (Rare)
Provençal form of Benoni.
Benoni m Biblical, French (Rare), French (Belgian, Rare), Flemish
From the Hebrew name בֶּן־אוֹנִי (Ben-'oniy) meaning "son of my sorrow". This was the original name of Benjamin ("son of the right hand"), whose father, Jacob, renamed him in Genesis 35:18 (the name Benoni having been given by his mother, Rachel).
Bentejuí m Spanish (Canarian, Archaic)
Bentejuí Semidán was a warrior leader from Gran Canaria, who militarily resisted the conquest of the island by the conquerors sent by the Crown of Castile.... [more]
Benti m Old Norse
Old Norse diminutive of Benteinn.
Benxhi m Albanian (Rare)
Possibly an Albanian borrowing of Benji.
Benzi m Hebrew
Short form of Benzion.
Berci m Hungarian
Diminutive form of Albert.
Berdi m Turkmen
Means "given (by God)" in Turkmen. It is derived from the past tense of the Turkmen verb bermek meaning "to give", which itself is ultimately derived from Old Turkic ber meaning "to give".... [more]
Berengari m Piedmontese
Piedmontese form of Berengar.
Beri m Alsatian
Alsatian diminutive of Albert.
Beri m Biblical
In the Bible, Beri was the son of Zorphah, belonging to the tribe of Asher. (Chronicles, 7:36).
Bertelemi m Gallo
Gallo form of Barthélémy.
Berti m German
Diminutive of Hubert and other names containing bert (often derived from the Germanic element beraht meaning "bright").... [more]
Besarioni m Georgian
Form of Besarion with the nominative suffix, used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.
Beshi m Amharic
Means "by thousands" in Amharic.
Beshi f & m Japanese
From Japanese 辺, 邊 (be) “area, place, vicinity” or 倍 (be) meaning “multiple times” or 部 (be) meaning “part, section” combined with 四 (shi) “four”, 清 (shi) “clean, pure, clear”, 詩 (shi) “poetry, poem, verse” 志 (shi) “will, purpose, ambition”, or 史 (shi) meaning “history”... [more]
Beshoi m Arabic (Egyptian)
Possibly related to Besarion
Besi m Medieval English (Latinized), Medieval Scandinavian (Latinized)
Variant of Bisi or Bósi. This is found in the 11th-century Domesday Book.
Besiki m Georgian
Form of Besik with the Georgian nominative suffix -ი (-i). It is only used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.... [more]
Betabasi m & f Ibibio
Means "wait for god" in Ibibio.
Beyanî m Kurdish
Masculine form of Beyan.
Beyti m Turkish
Means "couplet" in Turkish
Bhakti m & f Sanskrit, Indian
Sanskrit word meaning devotion, love, attachment, etc. In Hinduism, the concept of emotional devotion to a personal deity or spiritual idea, and is also the name of the associated movement- notable Bhakti poet-saints include Mirabai and Kabir Das.
Bharvi f & m Indian
Means "holy basil (plant)" in Hindi.
Bhekani m Zulu, Ndebele
Means "look" in Zulu and Ndebele.
Bheki m Zulu
"The person that's broadminded, able to think further about future needs and wants".
Bhumi m & f Shona
It means "wolf".
Bi m Nigerian
Bura short form of Bitrus.
Bi m & f Korean
It means "rain".
Bialfi m Old Norse
From Old Norse bjalfi meaning "fur, pelt".
Biarnhǫfði m Old Norse
Means "bear-head" in Old Norse from bjǫrn "bear" and hǫfuð "head".
Biarni m Medieval English, Old Danish
Old Norse and Old Danish variant of Biǫrn as well as short form of names containing the element Björn.
Bibi m Portuguese (Brazilian)
Brazilian Portuguese diminutive of Fábio or Fabiano.
Bibi m Hebrew
Diminutive of Binyamin. This is borne by Israeli prime minister Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (1949-).
Bidemi m & f Yoruba
Means "born awaiting me" in Yoruba.
Biflindi m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Derived from Old Norse bifa "story" and lind "lime-tree" or bif "movement; air; water" and lind. This is another name for Odin.
Bifliði m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Combination of bif 'movement', 'air', 'water' and liði 'one who goes', 'one who fares'. Bifliði is a name for Óðinn.
Bijuli m Nepali
Means "electricity, power; lightning" in Nepali.
Bikenti m Georgian
Georgian form of Vincentius (see Vincent).
Bikki m Ainu
Meaning "Frog" in Ainu. Name of Ainu artist and activist Bikki Sunazawa, who designed the Ainu flag in 1973.
Bilasi m Sicilian
Variant of Biaggiu.
Bili f & m Indigenous Australian (Anglicized, Rare)
This name is Indigenous Australian.
Bilihi m Amharic
Means “wise” in Amharic.
Billoi m Sardinian
Short form of Sarbadori.
Bilzi m Sami
Meaning unknown.
Bimini f & m Popular Culture (Modern, Rare)
Means “two islands” in the Lucayan language of the Bahamas.
Bineti f & m Dagbani
Means "they have enlightened us" in Dagbani.
Bingyi f & m Chinese
Bing means "Ice, Cold" and Yi means "Righteousness, Justice, Benefit, Profit, Proper, Suitable, Decisive, Resolute, Firm, (these four are mainly feminine) "Harmony, Joy, Ceremony, Rites."
Binnuri f & m Korean (Modern, Rare)
Combination of Bit and Nuri.
Biréli m Romani
Of unknown meaning.... [more]
Biri f & m Shipibo-Conibo
Means "shining" in Shipibo.
Birki m Sami
Sami form of Birger.
Birni m Faroese
Faroese masculine form of Birna.
Bisi m & f Yoruba
Short form of names containing bisi, such as Adebisi.
Bisi m Old Norse
Old Norse byname, from Old Norse bisi "commander", "leader" or related to Norwegian bias "to chat", "to trifle".
Bjarmi m Icelandic
Of unknown origin and meaning. Current theories include a direct adoption of Icelandic bjarmi "loom, gleam of light" and a derivation from bjarmar, the Old Norse name for a branch of Finno-Ugric peoples called Permians in English (formerly also Bjarmians)... [more]
Bjarti m Faroese
Faroese form of Bjartr.
Blapþvari m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Means "babbling pole; staff". This is the name of a Jotunn in Norse mythology.
Blàsi m Provençal
Provençal form of Blaise.
Bledri m Medieval Welsh
Derived from Welsh blaidd "wolf" and rhi "ruler".
Blesi m Romansh (Archaic)
Romansh form of Blasius.
Bnoudi m Coptic (Arabized), Arabic
Arabized form of the Bohairic Coptic name Phnouti. In other words, one could say that this is a cognate or a variant form of Bnouda.
Boammaruri m Tswana
Means "truth" in Setswana.
Bóandi m Old Norse
Means "farmer, peasant, landowner" in Old Norse.
Bobi f & m English (Rare), Welsh
Variant of Bobby.
Bobori m Sardinian
Short form of Salvadori.
Bochi m Georgian Mythology
Probably from Mingrelian ბოჩი (bochi) meaning "(male) goat, sheep". In Georgian mythology this was the name of a patron god of cattle.
Boddi m Old Norse, Norse Mythology
Possibly a variant of Baði. Related to Icelandic budda "money-bag" and Norwegian boddi "newborn pet". In Norse mythology Boddi is one of the sons of Karl and Snør.
Boedi m Indonesian (Dutchified)
Older spelling of Budi influenced by Dutch orthography.