Browse Submitted Names

This is a list of submitted names in which the edit status is usages AND description are verified.
gender
usage
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Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed.
Ivána f Hungarian
Feminine form of Iván.
Ivanas m Lithuanian
Lithuanian form of Ivan.
Ivanda f Norwegian (Archaic), Latvian (Rare)
Early 19th-century Norwegian coinage intended as a feminine form of Ivan.
Ivánek m Czech
Diminutive of Ivan.
Ivaneq m Greenlandic
Greenlandic ivaneq meaning ''the one who has brooded'' or ''the one who has been brooded on''.
Ivanhoe m Jamaican Patois, Literature
Invented by Scottish novelist Walter Scott for a character in his historical romance Ivanhoe: A Romance (1819), which concerns the life of Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe, a fictional Saxon knight. The name was possibly inspired by the place name Ivinghoe, belonging to a village in east Buckinghamshire, England.
Ivani f & m Portuguese (Brazilian)
Variant of Ivan, mostly feminine but also used for men. It peaked in popularity in Brazil in the 1960's.
Ivanne f French, French (Belgian)
Feminine form of Ivan.
Ivari m Estonian
Variant of Ivar.
Ivasyk m Ukrainian
Diminutive of Ivan.
Ivdit f Georgian (Rare)
Georgian form of Yehudit (see Judith).
Ivditi f Georgian (Rare)
Form of Ivdit with the Georgian nominative suffix -ი (-i). It is only used in Georgian when the name is written stand-alone.
Ive m & f West Frisian (Rare), Dutch (Rare)
Frisian form of Ivo 1 (masculine) and Dutch short form of Ivonne (feminine).
Ive m Provençal
Provençal form of Yves.
Ivek m Croatian
Diminutive of Ivan.
Ivelin m Bulgarian
Masculine form of Ivelina.
Ivelina f Bulgarian, Croatian (Rare)
Of debated origin and meaning. Theories include a variant of Evelina, an elaboration of Iva 1, a feminine form of Ivo 2 and a feminine form of Ivan.
Iven m German, Literature, Low German
Iven is a variant of the Gemanic name Ivo 1 which is traced to a word meaning "yew" (the wood of the yew was used for building good bows).... [more]
Iveri m Georgian
Derived from the name of the Georgian kingdom of Iberia, which existed from about 302 BC to 580 AD. The name of the kingdom is an exonym, meaning: it was not created by the Georgians themselves. The inhabitants of the kingdom referred to it as ქართლი (Kartli).... [more]
Iverike f Norwegian (Archaic)
Feminine form of Iver as well as a combination of names beginning with the element Iv-, especially Ivar, and the Old Norse name element ríkr "mighty; distinguished; rich"... [more]
Iveriko m Georgian (Rare)
Diminutive of Iveri.
Iverise f Norwegian (Archaic)
Norwegian feminine form of Iver, used in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Iverta f Norwegian (Archaic)
Feminine form of Ivert.
Ivessa f West Frisian (Rare)
West Frisian feminine form of Ive.
Ivèta f Provençal
Provençal form of Yvette.
Iveto f Provençal
Provençal form of Yvette.
Ivetta f Hungarian, Slovak
Hungarian Latinization of Ivett and Slovak variant of Iveta.
Ivia f Corsican (Rare)
Feminine form of Iviu.
Ivian f Spanish (Latin American)
Ivian Sarcos (born 1989) is a Venezuelan model and beauty queen who won Miss World 2011.
Ivica f Hungarian, Slovak
Hungarian and Slovak feminine form of Ivána.
Ividő f Hungarian
Hungarian name which originated from a misreading of the term jó idő with jó meaning "good" and idő meaning "time; weather".
Ivik m & f Greenlandic
Means "(blade of) grass" in Greenlandic. This name is more commonly given to boys.... [more]
Ivika f Estonian
Diminutive of Ivi.
Iviko m Georgian
Diminutive of Ivane and Iveri.
Ivista f Soviet (Rare)
Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin contracted, used by communists in the Soviet Union who wanted to use non-traditional names for their children.
Iviu m Corsican
Corsican form of Ivo 1.
Ivkica f Croatian
Croatian diminutive form of Ivka.
Ivko m Croatian, Bulgarian
Male form of Ivka.
Ivliane m Georgian (Rare)
Modern Georgian form of Iulianus (see Julian). The older Georgian form of the name is Iuliane.
Ivlita f Georgian
Georgian form of Julitta.
Ivo m Estonian
Variant of Iivo.
Ivoire f English (American, Rare), French (African, Rare)
Derived from French ivoire meaning "ivory", which makes this name a cognate of Ivory.
Ivola f Hungarian (Rare)
Older form of Ibolya and Viola.
Ivon m Medieval Breton, French, Provençal
Provençal and Medieval Breton form and French variant of Yvon.
Ivonn f Hungarian (Rare)
Hungarian borrowing of Yvonne.
Ivonna f Latvian
Latvian form of Yvonne.
Ivoš m Czech
Variant of Ivo 1.
Ivoun m Provençal
Provençal form of Yvon.
Ivouno f Provençal
Provençal form of Yvonne.
Ivri m Hebrew
Masculine form of Ivriya.
Ivria f Hebrew (Rare, Archaic)
Variant transcription of Ivriya.
Ivrike f Norwegian (Archaic)
Contracted form of Iverike.
Ivrine f Norwegian (Rare)
Contracted form of Iverine.
Ivriya f Hebrew (Rare, Archaic)
Derived from עִבְרִיָּה meaning "Hebrew (woman)". this name is relatively modern, first appearing in the first half of the 20th century in mandatory Palestine, it was used a few times but died out after the establishment of the Israeli state... [more]
Ivša m Croatian (Rare)
Diminutive of Ivan.
Ivu m Sicilian, Sardinian
Sicilian and Sardinian form of Ivo 1.
Ivuša f Croatian, Czech, Slovak
Croatian, Czech and Slovak diminutive of Ivana, Iveta and Ivona. Also compare Ivuška.
Ivuška f Czech, Slovak
Czech and Slovak diminutive of Ivana, Iveta and Ivona. Also compare Ivuša.
Ivyann f English (American, Modern, Rare)
Combination of Ivy and Ann. A famous bearer is American actress Ivyann Schwan.
Ivyanna f English
Combination of Ivy and Anna.
Iwa f Bulgarian (Rare)
Variant transcription of Ива (see Iva 1).
Iwa f Polish
Diminutive of Iwona.
Iwajla f German (Rare)
Feminine form of Iwajlo. The German film director Iwajla Klinke bears this name.
Iwajlo m German (Rare)
German transcription of Ivaylo.
Iwao m Japanese
From Japanese 巌/巖 (iwao) meaning "rock, crag, boulder". It can also be formed from 岩 (iwa) meaning "cliff, rocks" combined with 夫 (o) meaning "man, husband", 男 (o) meaning "male, man, son", 雄 (o) meaning "hero, male, manly" or 尾 (o) meaning "tail, foot, end", as well as other kanji combinations.
Iwar m Swedish
Variant of Ivar.
Iwe m West Frisian
This name is probably a variant form of Ive.
Iwein m Arthurian Cycle
German form of Yvain in Hartmann von Aue's verse romance Iwein.
Iwelin m Bulgarian
Variant transcription of Ивелин (see Ivelin).
Iwelina f Bulgarian
Variant transcription of Ивелинa (see Ivelina).
Iwen m German
Variant spelling of Iven.
Iwerydd f Medieval Welsh, Welsh Mythology
Derived from Welsh Y Werydd meaning "the ocean". In Welsh mythology she was a wife of the sea-god Llyr and the mother of Brân the Blessed.
Iweta f Polish
Polish form of Yvette.
Iwetta f Polish
Variant of Iweta.
Iŵl m Welsh
Welsh form of Julius.
Iwon m Polish
Variant of Iwo.
Ixcuauh m Nahuatl
Means "shameless, brazen" or "stupid" in Nahuatl, literally "wooden face" from ixtli "face, eye" and cuahuitl "tree, wood".
Ixeia f Aragonese
Variant of Ixeya.
Ixeya f Aragonese
Transferred use of Ixeya (also known as Ixeia), the name of a Pyrenean mountain located in the province of Huesca, Spain.
Ixion m Greek Mythology
Probably derived from the Greek noun ἰξός (ixos), which can mean "mistletoe" as well as "birdlime". In Greek mythology, Ixion was king of the Lapiths (the most ancient tribe of Thessaly) and a son of Ares or Antion or the notorious evildoer Phlegyas.
Ixone f Basque
This name was recorded in Vitoria/Gasteiz in 1513, with its original meaning unknown. However, it has been revived since the 1970's, probably interpreted as a combination of Basque ixo (meaning "hush") and the modern feminine suffix -ne.
Ixora f English (American, Modern, Rare)
From the name of a tropical flower (and genus) also known as West Indian jasmine. It is derived from Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvara), itself derived from ईश् (īś) meaning "to rule" and वर (vará) meaning "best".
Ixpanton f & m Nahuatl
Probably derived from Nahuatl ixpan, meaning "before, in front of; to present or manifest to someone", combined with the diminutive suffix -ton.
Ixquic f Mayan Mythology, New World Mythology
Means "blood lady" in Quiché (Mayan), from the feminine prefix ix- combined with qiq "blood". In Mayan mythology she was the mother of the twin gods Hunahpu and Ixbalanqué.
Ixtab f Mayan Mythology
At the time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán (1527–1546), Ix Tab or Ixtab ( "Rope Woman", "Hangwoman") was the indigenous Mayan goddess of suicide by hanging. Playing the role of a psychopomp, she would accompany such suicides to heaven.
İxtiyar m Azerbaijani
Means "right, authority, power, strength" in Azerbaijani, ultimately from Arabic اختيار (ikhtiyār).
Ixtiyor m Uzbek
Uzbek form of Ikhtiyar.
Ixtli f New World Mythology
Diminutive of Ixtaccihuatl, which means "white woman" in Nahuatl from iztac "white" and cihuatl "woman". This was the name of a beautiful princess in Mexican legend who fell in love with the hero Popo, but died of grief when a messenger falsely reported that her lover had died in war... [more]
Iyán m Asturian
Variant of Illán.
Iyana f Asturian
Feminine form of Iyán.
Iyanla f African American (Modern, Rare)
Self given name of Iyanla Vazvant (birth Name Rhonda Eva Harris). The name is made up from the Yoruba words ìyá "mother" and nlá "big, great". It got traction in the USA after Iyanla's appearances in the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1998/1999.
Iyassu m Ethiopian
Ethiopian form of Joshua.
Iyed m Arabic (Maghrebi)
Maghrebi form of Iyad (chiefly Tunisian).
Iyeoka f Western African, Yoruba
Means "mother who speaks the word" in Yoruba.... [more]
Iyessey m Biblical Russian
Russian form of Jesse.
Iynx f Greek Mythology
From Greek mythology. The name of a nymph who invented the magical love-charm known as the iynx--a spinning wheel with a wryneck bird attached, according to mythology she either used the charm to make Zeus fall in love with her or with another nymph, Io... [more]
Iyoas m Ethiopian
Ethiopian form of Joash, a name borne by two emperors of Ethiopia.
Iza f Slovene, Hungarian
Hungarian short form of Izabella and Izolda and Slovene short form of Elizabeta, Izabela, Izidora and Izeta, occasionally used as a given name in its own right.
Izabela f Biblical Romanian
Romanian form of Jezebel.
Izabelka f Polish
Diminutive of Izabela.
Izabell f Hungarian (Rare), Swedish (Modern, Rare)
Hungarian variant of Izabel and Swedish variant of Isabel.
Iżabella f Maltese
Maltese form of Isabella.
Izack m English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Isaac, possibly influenced by Zack.
Izaija m Croatian
Croatian form of Isaiah.
Izail m Soviet, Russian
Contraction of Russian исполнитель заветов Ильича (ispolnitel' zavetov Il'icha) meaning "executor of the testament of Ilyich" or of the Soviet slogan Исполняй заветы Ильича! (Ispolnyay zavety Il'icha!) meaning "Fulfill the legacy of Ilyich!" The last word in both sentences refers to the Russian politician and communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), whose patronymic was Ilyich.... [more]
Izajáš m Czech
Czech form of Isaiah.
Izajasz m Polish
Polish form of Isaiah.
Izák m Czech (Rare), Slovak
Czech and Slovak form of Isaac.
Izåk m Walloon
Walloon form of Isaac.
Izako f Georgian (Rare)
Diminutive of Izabela via its short form Iza. Also compare Iziko.
Izalda f Medieval Polish
Medieval Polish variant of Izolda.
Izana m & f Japanese (Rare), Popular Culture
From the stem of verb 誘う (izanau) meaning "to invite, ask (someone to do), call (for); to tempt, lure, entice."... [more]
Izaokas m Lithuanian
Lithuanian form of Isaac.
Izara f Basque (Rare), French (Rare), Spanish (Latin American, Rare)
In the Basque country and French-speaking areas, this name is now generally considered a variant of Izar and Izarra... [more]
Izara f Arabic (Maghrebi)
Strictly feminine form of Izar which itself is another name for Mirak, a star in the constellation Boötes. This Izar has its origins in the Arabic word izar "shawl".
Izarak m Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole form of Isaac.
Izarbe f Aragonese, Basque
From Basque izar "star" and -be "beneath, under", taken from the Marian title Nuestra Señora de Izarbe, meaning "Our Lady of Izarbe". Izarbe is a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary located in the province of Huesca, Spain.
Izarne f Basque (Modern)
Elaboration of Izar.
Izarra f Basque
Variant of Izar and cognate of Estrella.
Izayoi f Japanese
From Japanese 十六 (jūroku) meaning "sixteen" and 夜 (yo) meaning "night", denoting the sixteenth night in the lunar calendar. Traditionally, this is the name for the day after Tsukimi, the Harvest Moon festival.... [more]
Izbygniew m Polish
The first element is either related to Old Polish izba "room, hut" or to the Polish verb zbywać "to dismiss, to dispose". The second element is derived from Polish gniew "anger", which is derived from Slavic gnev "anger"... [more]
Izbygniewa f Polish
Feminine form of Izbygniew.
Izdehar f Arabic
Alternate transcription of Arabic ازدهار (see Izdihar).
Izebel f Hungarian, Dutch (Rare), Biblical Dutch
Hungarian and Dutch form of Jezebel.
Izeia f Basque
Feminine form of Izei.
Izelda f Occitan, Provençal
Occitan and Provençal cognate of Isolde (compare Italian Iselda).
Izerina f Bosnian (Rare)
An elaborated form of Zerina
Izeta f Bosnian
Feminine form of Izet.
Izetta f American (Rare, Archaic), English (American, Rare)
This name was used at least as early as the 1870s in the Appalachian Mountain area of the eastern United States. Notable bearer is New Jersey born actress Izetta Jewel (1883-1978) who advocated for women's legal right to vote in the US.
Izette f Afrikaans
Variant of Isette.
Izhan m Spanish (European, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Izan conserving the H in Ethan.
Izhar m Arabic, Urdu, Malay, Indonesian
Means "manifestation, demonstration, display" in Arabic, from the root أظهر (ʾaẓhara) meaning "to show, to exhibit".
Iziaslav m Medieval Russian, Medieval Ukrainian
Alternate transcription of Russian Изяслав and Ukrainian Ізяслав (see Izyaslav).... [more]
Iziaslava f Medieval Russian, Medieval Ukrainian, Russian (Rare)
Alternate transcription of Russian Изяслава and Ukrainian Ізяслава (see Izyaslava).
Izīda f Latvian
Latvian form of Isis.
Izidė f Lithuanian
Lithuanian form of Isis.
Izidora f Slovene
Feminine form of Izidor.
Izidorius m Lithuanian (Rare)
Lithuanian form of Isidorus.
Iziko f Georgian
Diminutive of Izabela and Izolda via their short forms Iza and Izo.
Izil m Soviet, Russian
Variant form of Izail. This name was created by Communist parents who were eager to reject traditional names.... [more]
Izilda f Portuguese (Brazilian)
Variant of Isilda. This was borne by Maria Izilda de Castro Ribeiro (1897-1911), a Portuguese girl who died aged 13; she is known to Brazilian Catholics as "Menina Izildinha", and is venerated as a Brazilian folk saint.
Izka f Polish
Diminutive of Iza.
Izmael m Hungarian (Rare), Eastern African (Rare), Judeo-Catalan, Biblical Hungarian, Biblical Polish, Biblical Czech, Spanish (Latin American, Rare), Portuguese (Brazilian, Rare)
Hungarian, Polish, Czech, Judeo-Catalan and Somali form of Ishmael, as well as a Spanish and Portuguese variant of Ismael.
Izméne f Hungarian
Hungarian form of Ismene.
Izmira f Albanian (Rare)
Feminine form of Izmir.
Izo f Georgian
Short form of Izolda.
Izokrates m Polish
Polish form of Isocrates.
Izolde f Latvian
Latvian borrowing of Isolde.
Izoldi f Greek (Rare), Georgian (Rare)
Greek form of Isolde as well as a Georgian variant of Izolda.... [more]
Izóra f Hungarian (Rare)
Hungarian form of Isaura.
Izora f English, Louisiana Creole
Possibly a variant form of Isora.
Izortza f Basque (Rare)
Basque equivalent of Concepción.
Izortze f Basque
Basque equivalent of Concepción.
Izot m Russian (Rare)
Variant form of Zotik.
Izraelo m Serbian (Rare)
Serbian form of Israel.
Izumo m & f Japanese (Rare)
From 出雲 (Izumo), the name of an old province, a city and a grand shrine (taisha).... [more]
Izunia f Polish
Diminutive of Izabela and Izabella.
Izuru f & m Japanese
Derived from the Japanese kanji 出 (izuru) meaning "(something that) comes out" or also 出 (izu) combined with 琉 (ru) meaning "precious stone, gem, lapis lazuli".... [more]
Izuwan m Malay
Variant of Izwan.
Izwan m Malay
Variant of Azwan.
Izy f & m English (Rare)
Diminutive of names that start with Is- (such as Isabella and Israel) as well as of names that contain -iz-, such as Eliza and Elizabeth.
Izyaslav m Medieval Russian, Medieval Ukrainian
Late Medieval form of the Old East Slavic given name Изѧславъ (Izęslavŭ). It means "to take glory", as it is derived from the Old East Slavic elements изѧти (izęti) meaning "to take" and слава (slava) meaning "glory, fame".
Izyda f Polish
Polish form of Isis.
Izydora f Polish
Polish form of Isidora.
Izzah f Malay
Derived from Arabic عز ('azza) meaning "to be powerful".
Izzak m English (American, Modern, Rare)
Variant of Isaac. The name form is maybe influenced by the unrelated name Izzat.
Izzat m Arabic, Malay
Derived from Arabic عزّ (‘izz) meaning "glory, power" or "honor, majesty".
Izzat Allah m Arabic
Means "glory of Allah" from Arabic عزة (ʿizza) meaning "honour, glory, power, might" combined with الله (Allah).
Izzati f Malay, Indonesian
Feminine form of Izzat.
Izzatillo m Uzbek
Uzbek form of Izzat Allah.
Izzatul f & m Malay, Indonesian
First part of compound Arabic names beginning with عزت ال (ʿizzat al) meaning "glory of the, power of the". It is sometimes used as a masculine name in Indonesia.
Izzatullah m Arabic
Alternate transcription of Arabic عزت الله (see Izzat Allah).
Izzatullo m Tajik, Uzbek
Tajik and Uzbek form of Izzat Allah.
Izzaty f Malay
Malay variant of Izzati.
Izzie f English, Romani (Archaic)
Diminutive of Isabel and its variants. As a Romani name, it was also used as a diminutive of Esmeralda.
Izzuddin m Malay, Indonesian
Malay and Indonesian form of Izz al-Din.
Izzudin m Malay, Indonesian
Malay and Indonesian variant of Izz ad-Din.
Izzul m Malay, Indonesian
First part of compound Arabic names beginning with عز ال ('izz al) meaning "glory of the" (such as Izz al-Din).
Ja'afar m Arabic, Malay
Alternate transcription of Arabic جعفر (see Jafar), as well as the Malay form.
Jaafar m Arabic, Malay
Alternate transcription of Arabic جعفر (see Jafar), as well as the Malay form.
Jaaffar m Malay
Malay form of Jafar.
Jaagu m Estonian
Estonian short form of Jaagup.
Jaako m Estonian
Variant of Jako.
Jaane f Estonian (Rare)
Variant of Estonian Jaana 2 and Jane.
Jaanika f Estonian (Rare), Finnish (Rare)
Estonian diminutive of Jaana 2 and Finnish variant of Janika.
Jaano m Estonian
Variant form of Jaan.
Jaanus m Estonian
Variant of Jaan.
Jaapje f Dutch
Feminine form of Jaap.
Jaba m Georgian
Short form of Jabrail, Jabril and other arabized forms of Gabriel that start with Jab-... [more]
Jabar m Arabic
Alternate transcription of Arabic جبار (see Jabbar).
Jabbor m Tajik, Uzbek
Tajik and Uzbek form of Jabbar.
Jabed m Bengali
Bengali form of Javed.
Jaber m Arabic, Persian
Alternate transcription of Arabic جابر (see Jabir), as well as the Persian form.
Jabier m Basque
Variant of Xabier.
Jablan m Croatian (Rare), Serbian
From the word for the tree called ''poplar'' in English.
Jabo m Georgian (Rare)
Either a diminutive or a variant of Jaba.
Jabrail m Georgian (Rare)
Georgian form of Jabril.
Jabraylen m African American (Modern, Rare)
Variant of Jabraylon. It can be spelled Jabraylen or Ja'Braylen.
Jabraylon m African American (Modern, Rare)
Combination of the popular prefix ja with the given name Braylon. It can be spelled Jabraylon or Ja'Braylon.
Jabru m Near Eastern Mythology, Elamite Mythology
This was the name of an obscure but very old god in Elamite religion. It is uncertain what the meaning of his name was in the Elamite language. Most sources equate him with the Babylonian god Anu 2, so he must have been a god of the heavens... [more]
Jabuka m Georgian (Rare)
Diminutive of Jaba.
Jac m Welsh
Welsh form of Jack.
Jac m Dutch, Limburgish
Short form of Jacob, Jacobus and Jacques.... [more]
Jacariá m Provençal
Provençal form of Zacharias.
Jacãti m Kashubian
Kashubian form of Jacenty.
Jacca m Cornish
Cornish form of Jack.
Jacen m English (American, Modern), Popular Culture
Variant of Jason. This is the name of Han Solo and Princess Leia's oldest son in the Star Wars Legends books, Jacen Solo. Since Jacen Solo's first appearance in the books in 1993, the name has risen in popularity in the United States.
Jachem m Romansh
Variant of Jachen.
Jachen m Romansh
Variant of Giachen, traditionally found in Lower Engadine, a valley in southeast Switzerland.
Jachent f Yiddish
Variant of Jachet. This name was recorded in France and Germany in the 13th-century.
Jachet f Yiddish
(German) Yiddish variant of Yachet.
Jachet m Medieval French
Variant form of Jacquet.
Jachiam m Romansh (Archaic)
Archaic Romansh form of Jacob via Iacomus.
Jachien m Romansh
Variant of Jachen.
Jachippeddu m Sicilian
Diminutive of Jàcupu.
Jachzeel m Biblical German
German version of Jahzeel.
Jaciara f Brazilian, Tupi
Derived from Tupi îasy "moon" and Old Tupi ara "lady, lord; day; weather" or îara "lady, lord".
Jaćim m Serbian
Variant of Joakim.
Jacin m Occitan
Occitan form of Hyacinthus.
Jacint m Catalan, Lengadocian, Provençal
Catalan. Languedocian and Provençal form of Hyacinthus. Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló (1845 – 1902) was a writer, regarded as one of the greatest poets of Catalan literature and a prominent literary figure of the Renaixença, a cultural revival movement of the late Romantic era... [more]
Jácinta f Hungarian
Feminine form of Jácint.
Jacinte m Provençal
Provençal form of Hyacinthe.
Jacinton f Gascon
Diminutive of Jacinta.
Jacintoun m Provençal
Diminutive of Jacinte.
Jack m Kashubian
Kashubian cognate of Jacek.
Jacka m Cornish (Archaic)
Cornish form of Jack.
Jackcock m English (Puritan)
Diminutive of John. Transferred use to the surname Jacox in modern times.
Jacke m Swedish
Diminutive of Jakob.
Jackett m Medieval English
Diminutive of Jack.